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Why is Pakistan vulnerable to COVID‐19 associated morbidity and mortality? A scoping review

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  • Muhammad Atif
  • Iram Malik

Abstract

The scoping review was undertaken to outline the vulnerabilities of Pakistan's public health and healthcare system, which put the population at increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) associated morbidity and mortality. The major electronic databases were searched using both “text words” and “thesaurus terms,” focusing on viral infections, COVID‐19 and healthcare systems in Pakistan. The content of the selected articles was analyzed by using thematic approach. Out of the total 171 potentially relevant citations, 24 articles were included in the data synthesis. We found that the recent COVID‐19 outbreak is a major threat to Pakistan's public health and healthcare system, and the country is not in a position to control spread of disease and provide required standards of care deemed necessary by the World Health Organization. A number of intertwined reasons that expose the Pakistani population at increased risk of COVID‐19 associated morbidity and mortality, include public related demurrals, healthcare workforce related demurrals, organizational and regulatory voids, and travel patterns. To cope with the upsurge of COVID‐19 in Pakistan, the regulators need to re‐examine and recognize deficiencies in the healthcare system, and thereafter reinforce core capacities in workforce and monetary resources, surveillance, laboratory services, and hospital preparedness for isolation and ventilation of patients.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Atif & Iram Malik, 2020. "Why is Pakistan vulnerable to COVID‐19 associated morbidity and mortality? A scoping review," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(5), pages 1041-1054, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijhplm:v:35:y:2020:i:5:p:1041-1054
    DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3016
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shehla Zaidi & Maryam Bigdeli & Noureen Aleem & Arash Rashidian, 2013. "Access to Essential Medicines in Pakistan: Policy and Health Systems Research Concerns," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(5), pages 1-10, May.
    2. Gheorghe ILIE & Carmen Nadia CIOCOIU, 2010. "Application Of Fishbone Diagram To Determine The Risk Of An Event With Multiple Causes," Management Research and Practice, Research Centre in Public Administration and Public Services, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 2(1), pages 1-20, March.
    3. Office of Health Economics, 2007. "The Economics of Health Care," For School 001490, Office of Health Economics.
    4. Muhammad Akram & Faheem Jehangir Khan, 2007. "Health Care Services and Government Spending in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2007:32, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
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    1. Rafat Jan & Miraj Uddin & Ihsan Ullah & Mubarek Bibi & Sardar Nawaz & Mehnaz Rehmani & Salima Meherali, 2021. "Developing COVID‐19 emergency response centres in geographically challenged areas of Pakistan: A case study of the Aga Khan Development Network," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(6), pages 1990-1997, November.

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