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The link between money and inflation since 2008
[Le lien entre monnaie et inflation depuis 2008]

Author

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  • Bussière Matthieu
  • Sahuc Jean-Guillaume
  • Pfister Christian

Abstract

The unconventional monetary policies implemented by central banks in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, and subsequently in that of the Covid-19 health crisis, have led to a faster increase in money than in prices, prompting a review of the link between the two. This article recalls in the first two parts the concepts linking money and inflation, i.e. the money multiplier and the velocity of circulation of money, using the cases of the euro area and the United States as examples. Part three shows that while the link between money and inflation is preserved in the long run, consistent with the quantitative theory of money, it has become significantly distorted in the recent period. One reason for this disconnect in the shorter term is that unconventional monetary policies do not act on inflation via the money multiplier and the quantity of money in circulation, but by lowering long-term interest rates and financing conditions for households and businesses. They have thus made it possible to avoid episodes of deflation, and inflation would have been significantly lower without them. Les politiques monétaires non conventionnelles mises en oeuvre par les banques centrales dans le sillage de la crise financière de 2008, puis de la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19, se sont accompagnées d’une hausse plus rapide de la monnaie que des prix, ce qui invite à réexaminer le lien entre les deux. Cet article rappelle dans les deux premières parties les concepts reliant monnaie et inflation, c’est-à-dire le multiplicateur monétaire et la vitesse de circulation de la monnaie, en les illustrant dans les cas de la zone euro et des États-Unis. Une troisième partie montre que si le lien entre monnaie et inflation est préservé à long terme, en accord avec la théorie quantitative de la monnaie, il s’est fortement distendu dans la période récente. Cette déconnexion à plus court terme vient notamment du fait que les politiques monétaires non conventionnelles n’agissent pas sur l’inflation via le multiplicateur monétaire et la quantité de monnaie en circulation, mais en faisant baisser les taux d’intérêt de long terme et les conditions de financement pour les ménages et les entreprises. Elles ont ainsi permis d’éviter des épisodes de déflation et l’inflation aurait été significativement plus basse en leur absence.

Suggested Citation

  • Bussière Matthieu & Sahuc Jean-Guillaume & Pfister Christian, 2020. "The link between money and inflation since 2008 [Le lien entre monnaie et inflation depuis 2008]," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 232.
  • Handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2020:232:08
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Girotti, Mattia & Horny, Guillaume, 2023. "Monetary policy transmission through banks when liquidity is abundant but unevenly distributed," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).

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