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Internationaler Klimaschutz: Nicht mehr als symbolische Politik?

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  • Böhringer, Christoph
  • Vogt, Carsten

Abstract

Klimaschutz stellt aus Sicht der ökonomischen Theorie ein rein öffentliches Gut dar. Internationale Kooperation zum Zweck der Milderung oder Verhinderung der globalen Erwärmung ist daher mit den bekannten fatalen Anreizproblemen behaftet: Auf der Basis freiwilliger, dezentraler Entscheidungen ist mit der Bereitstellung des öffentlichen Gutes nicht zu rechnen. Dennoch scheint man in der Realität internationale Umweltabkommen beobachten zu können, die über das nicht-kooperative Gleichgewicht eines öffentlichen Gut-Spiels hinausgehen. So verpflichten sich die industrialisierten Länder im Kioto-Protokoll von 1997 zu teils erheblichen Minderungen ihrer Treibhausgasemissionen. Damit scheint sich ein Widerspruch zwischen empirischer Beobachtung und theoretischer Prognose aufzutun. Der vorliegenden Beitrag argumentiert, dass es sich hierbei jedoch nur um einen scheinbaren Widerspruch handelt. Die zentrale These ist folgende: Der gesamte bisherige internationale Verhandlungsprozess von der Klimarahmenkonvention 1992 in Rio über das Kioto-Protokoll 1997 bis zum jüngsten Klimagipfel in Den Haag befriedigt vorrangig die öffentliche Nachfrage nach Klimapolitik. Dieser Nachfrage nach politischem Aktionismus steht aber keine adäquate Zahlungsbereitschaft der Wähler für effektiven Klimaschutz gegenüber, wie Ergebnisse von Wählerbefragungen nahe legen. Ökonomen prognostizieren in solchen Fällen das Entstehen symbolischer Politik. Auch das Kioto-Protokoll fügt sich dem (polit-) ökonomischen Erklärungsschema, wenn man die aktuelle Diskussion um zentrale offene Fragen des Protokolls, wie die Anrechenbarkeit sogenannter Kohlenstoff-Senken, in die Bewertung des Vertragswerks mit einbezieht. In der Tendenz ist nämlich ein Bestreben wichtiger Akteure des Kiotoprozesses erkennbar, das Abkommen seiner Substanz zuberauben und damit der nicht-kooperativen Lösung anzunähern.

Suggested Citation

  • Böhringer, Christoph & Vogt, Carsten, 2001. "Internationaler Klimaschutz: Nicht mehr als symbolische Politik?," ZEW Discussion Papers 01-06, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:zewdip:5361
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Carraro, Carlo & Siniscalco, Domenico, 1993. "Strategies for the international protection of the environment," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(3), pages 309-328, October.
    2. Böhringer, Christoph, 2000. "Industry-level emission trading between power producers in the EU," ZEW Discussion Papers 00-46, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    3. Böhringer, Christoph & Jensen, Jesper & Rutherford, Thomas F., 1999. "Energy market projections and differentiated carbon abatement in the European Union," ZEW Discussion Papers 99-11, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
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    1. Böhringer, Christoph, 2001. "Climate politics from Kyoto to Bonn: from little to nothing?!?," ZEW Discussion Papers 01-49, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    2. Ziesemer, Thomas, 2002. "Green Tax Reform, marginal revenue of wage income taxes, and the wage curve: A brief note," Research Memorandum 016, Maastricht University, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).

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