IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/svk/wpaper/1118.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Heterogenous Impacts of Macroprudential Policies: Financial Advisors, Regulatory Caps, and Mortgage Risk

Author

Listed:
  • Martin Cesnak

    (National Bank of Slovakia)

  • Andrej Cupak

    (National Bank of Slovakia)

  • Pirmin Fessler

    (Oesterreichische Nationalbank)

  • Jan Klacso

    (National Bank of Slovakia)

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of borrower-based macroprudential policy tightening on mortgage lending in Slovakia, focusing in particular on the role of financial advisors in shaping loan characteristics. Using a comprehensive loan-level dataset from Slovak banks, weanalyzetheeffectsofkeyregulatorytools—Loan-to-Value(LTV),Debt-to-Income(DTI), and Debt Service-to-Income (DSTI) limits — on mortgage risk profiles. Our contributions include: (1) showing that restrictive borrower-based measures (BBMs) reduce the riskiest loans but push lower-risk segments toward regulatory thresholds, thus increasing portfolio risk; (2) demonstrating that advisor-mediated loans tend to have higher amounts, LTVs, DTIs, and longer maturities, raising their riskiness; and (3) finding that strict enough DSTI limits not only reduce DSTI but may also indirectly effect other loan characteristics, such as DTI, LTV ratios, and loan volumes, suggesting broader policy impacts. Additionally, we identifysignificantfront-loadingbehaviorfollowingpolicytighteningannouncements, par-ticularly for advisor-mediated loans. These findings highlight the importance of detailed micro-level data in capturing policy effects and informing more effective macroprudential regulation.

Suggested Citation

  • Martin Cesnak & Andrej Cupak & Pirmin Fessler & Jan Klacso, 2025. "Heterogenous Impacts of Macroprudential Policies: Financial Advisors, Regulatory Caps, and Mortgage Risk," Working and Discussion Papers WP 3/2025, Research Department, National Bank of Slovakia.
  • Handle: RePEc:svk:wpaper:1118
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://nbs.sk/dokument/8f703ad0-a150-4645-b580-0fece5b85c25/stiahnut/?force=false
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Akinci, Ozge & Olmstead-Rumsey, Jane, 2018. "How effective are macroprudential policies? An empirical investigation," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 33-57.
    2. Michael LaCour-Little, 2009. "The Pricing of Mortgages by Brokers: An Agency Problem?," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 31(2), pages 235-264.
    3. Calcagno, Riccardo & Monticone, Chiara, 2015. "Financial literacy and the demand for financial advice," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 363-380.
    4. Gabriele Foà & Leonardo Gambacorta & Luigi Guiso & Paolo Emilio Mistrulli, 2019. "The Supply Side of Household Finance," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(10), pages 3762-3798.
    5. Gross, Marco & Población, Javier, 2017. "Assessing the efficacy of borrower-based macroprudential policy using an integrated micro-macro model for European households," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 510-528.
    6. Michael LaCour-Little & Gregory H. Chun, 1999. "Third Party Originators and Mortgage Prepayment Risk: An Agency Problem?," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 17(1), pages 55-70.
    7. William Gatt, 2024. "Loan‐to‐value limits as a macroprudential policy tool: Developments in theory and practice," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 232-267, February.
    8. Kinghan, Christina & Lyons, Paul & McCarthy, Yvonne & O'Toole, Conor, 2016. "Macroprudential Measures and Irish Mortgage Lending: Insights from H1 2016," Economic Letters 06/EL/16, Central Bank of Ireland.
    9. Michael LaCour-Little & Gregory Chun, 1999. "Third Party Originators and Mortgage Prepayment Risk: An Agency Problem?," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 55-70, January.
    10. Viral V. Acharya & Katharina Bergant & Matteo Crosignani & Tim Eisert & Fergal Mccann, 2022. "The Anatomy of the Transmission of Macroprudential Policies," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 77(5), pages 2533-2575, October.
    11. Gaston Giordana & Michael Ziegelmeyer, 2024. "Using household-level data to guide borrower-based macro-prudential policy," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 66(2), pages 785-827, February.
    12. Marco Caliendo & Sabine Kopeinig, 2008. "Some Practical Guidance For The Implementation Of Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 31-72, February.
    13. Pavol Jurca & Ján Klacso & Eugen Tereanu & Marco Forletta & Mr. Marco Gross, 2020. "The Effectiveness of Borrower-Based Macroprudential Measures: A Quantitative Analysis for Slovakia," IMF Working Papers 2020/134, International Monetary Fund.
    14. Martin Cesnak & Jan Klacso & Roman Vasil, 2021. "Analysis of the Impact of Borrower-Based Measures," Working and Discussion Papers OP 3/2021, Research Department, National Bank of Slovakia.
    15. James J. Choi, 2022. "Popular Personal Financial Advice versus the Professors," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 36(4), pages 167-192, Fall.
    16. Stephen Foerster & Juhani T. Linnainmaa & Brian T. Melzer & Alessandro Previtero, 2017. "Retail Financial Advice: Does One Size Fit All?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 72(4), pages 1441-1482, August.
    17. William P. Alexander & Scott D. Grimshaw & Grant R. McQueen & Barrett A. Slade, 2002. "Some Loans Are More Equal than Others: Third–Party Originations and Defaults in the Subprime Mortgage Industry," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 30(4), pages 667-697.
    18. Martin Hodula & Lukas Pfeifer & Ngoc Anh Ngo, 2023. "Easing of Borrower-Based Measures: Evidence from Czech Loan-Level Data," Working Papers 2023/18, Czech National Bank, Research and Statistics Department.
    19. Riccardo Calcagno & Chiara Monticone, 2015. "Financial Literacy and the Demand for Financial Advice," Post-Print hal-02313173, HAL.
    20. Johanna Catherine Maclean & Douglas A. Webber & Joachim Marti, 2014. "An Application of Unconditional Quantile Regression to Cigarette Taxes," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(1), pages 188-210, January.
    21. Jose G Montalvo & Josep M Raya, 2018. "Constraints on LTV as a macroprudential tool: a precautionary tale," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 70(3), pages 821-845.
    22. Hodula, Martin & Melecký, Martin & Pfeifer, Lukáš & Szabo, Milan, 2023. "Cooling the mortgage loan market: The effect of borrower-based limits on new mortgage lending," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    23. Michael LaCour-Little, 2009. "The Pricing of Mortgages by Brokers: An Agency Problem?," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(2), pages 235-264, January.
    24. van Bekkum, Sjoerd & Gabarro, Marc & Irani, Rustom M. & Peydró, José-Luis, 2024. "The real effects of borrower-based macroprudential policy: Evidence from administrative household-level data," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(S).
    25. Cupák, Andrej & Fessler, Pirmin & Hsu, Joanne W. & Paradowski, Piotr R., 2022. "Investor confidence and high financial literacy jointly shape investments in risky assets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    26. Keenan, Enda & Kinghan, Christina & McCarthy, Yvonne & O'Toole, Conor, 2016. "Macroprudential Measures and Irish Mortgage Lending: A Review of Recent Data," Economic Letters 03/EL/16, Central Bank of Ireland.
    27. Giannoulakis, Stelios & Forletta, Marco & Gross, Marco & Tereanu, Eugen, 2023. "The effectiveness of borrower-based macroprudential policies: a cross-country analysis using an integrated micro-macro simulation model," Working Paper Series 2795, European Central Bank.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lo Duca, Marco & Hallissey, Niamh & Jurca, Pavol & Kouratzoglou, Charalampos & Lima, Diana & Pirovano, Mara & Prapiestis, Algirdas & Saldías, Martín & Tereanu, Eugen & Bartal, Mehdi & Giedraitė, Edita, 2023. "The more the merrier? Macroprudential instrument interactions and effective policy implementation," Occasional Paper Series 310, European Central Bank.
    2. Gaston Giordana & Michael Ziegelmeyer, 2024. "Using household-level data to guide borrower-based macro-prudential policy," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 66(2), pages 785-827, February.
    3. Ioannis Petrakis & Georgios A. Panos, 2025. "Pension Policy and Personal Finance: Defined-Contribution Plans and Retirement Strategies in the United Kingdom," Working Papers 2025_06, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
    4. Sorravich Kingsuwankul & Chloe Tergiman & Marie Claire Villeval, 2023. "Why do oaths work? Image concerns and credibility in promise keeping," Working Papers hal-04209489, HAL.
    5. Chung, Sol & Agnew, Julie & Bateman, Hazel & Eckert, Christine & Liu, Junhao & Thorp, Susan, 2024. "The impact of mortgage broker use on borrower confusion and preferences," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 229-247.
    6. Katja Neugebauer, 2021. "Assessing the effectiveness of the Portuguese borrower-based measure in the Covid-19 context," Working Papers w202110, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
    7. Brent W. Ambrose & James N. Conklin, 2014. "Mortgage Brokers, Origination Fees, Price Transparency and Competition," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 42(2), pages 363-421, June.
    8. Cruciani, Caterina & Gardenal, Gloria & Rigoni, Ugo, 2021. "Trust-formation processes in financial advisors: A structural equation model," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 185-199.
    9. Marotta, Giuseppe, 2020. "Behind the success of dominated personal pension plans: sales force and financial literacy factors," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(4), pages 532-547, October.
    10. Steffen Westermann & Scott J. Niblock & Jennifer L. Harrison & Michael A. Kortt, 2020. "Financial Advice Seeking: A Review of the Barriers and Benefits," Economic Papers, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 39(4), pages 367-388, December.
    11. Chalmers, John & Reuter, Jonathan, 2020. "Is conflicted investment advice better than no advice?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(2), pages 366-387.
    12. Pan, Xuefeng & Wu, Weixing & Zhang, Xuyang, 2020. "Is financial advice a cure-all or the icing on the cake for financial literacy? Evidence from financial market participation in China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    13. Malliaris, Steven & Malliaris, A.G., 2022. "Reprint of: Delegated asset management and performance when some investors are unsophisticated," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    14. Amariei, Cosmina, 2020. "Asset Allocation in Europe: Reality vs. Expectations," ECMI Papers 27304, Centre for European Policy Studies.
    15. Hermansson, Cecilia & Jonsson, Sara & Liu, Lu, 2022. "The medium is the message: Learning channels, financial literacy, and stock market participation," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    16. Malliaris, Steven & Malliaris, A.G., 2021. "Delegated asset management and performance when some investors are unsophisticated," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    17. Sumit Agarwal & Swee Hoon Ang & Yongheng Deng & Yonglin Wang, 2021. "Mortgage Brokers and the Effectiveness of Regulatory Oversights," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(8), pages 5278-5300, August.
    18. William Gatt, 2024. "Loan‐to‐value limits as a macroprudential policy tool: Developments in theory and practice," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 232-267, February.
    19. Matthias Stefan & Martin Holmén & Felix Holzmeister & Michael Kirchler & Erik Wengström, 2022. "You can’t always get what you want—An experiment on finance professionals' decisions for others," Working Papers 2022-02, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Universität Innsbruck.
    20. Lynn, Peter & Fumagalli, Laura & Muñoz-Bugarin, Jair, 2021. "Investigating the role of debt advice on borrowers’ well-being. An encouragement study on a new sample of over-indebted people in Britain," ISER Working Paper Series 2021-08, Institute for Social and Economic Research.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • D18 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Protection
    • D12 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:svk:wpaper:1118. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/nbsgvsk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.