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Unpaid Work

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Abstract

A substantial number of employees work additional non‐contract hours for no pay. We advance several economic explanations for this phenomenon. Empirical work is based on the UK Labour Force Survey for 1993/94. We establish the quantitative importance of unpaid work on overtime hours and hourly earnings for both males and females. We demonstrate, via Mincer wage growth equations, that accounting for unpaid work leads to significantly revised estimates of returns to education, experience and tenure. We test a number of hypotheses arising from our economic discussion using Tobit regressions of unpaid overtime. For comparative purposes, we also estimate equations of paid overtime.
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  • Bell, D. & Hart, R.A., 1998. "Unpaid Work," Working Papers Series 9803, University of Stirling, Division of Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:stl:stlewp:9803
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    Other versions of this item:

    • David N. F. Bell & Robert A. Hart, 1999. "Unpaid Work," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 66(262), pages 271-290, May.

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    Cited by:

    1. Cowling, Marc, 2007. "Still At Work? An empirical test of competing theories of long hours culture," MPRA Paper 1614, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Gregg, Paul & Grout, Paul A. & Ratcliffe, Anita & Smith, Sarah & Windmeijer, Frank, 2011. "How important is pro-social behaviour in the delivery of public services?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(7), pages 758-766.
    3. Anger, Silke, 2011. "The cyclicality of effective wages within employer–employee matches in a rigid labor market," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(6), pages 786-797.
    4. Jirjahn, Uwe & Pfeifer, Christian & Tsertsvadze, Georgi, 2006. "Mikroökonomische Beschäftigungseffekte des Hamburger Modells zur Beschäftigungsförderung," IAB-Discussion Paper 200625, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    5. Silke Anger, 2007. "The Cyclicality of Effective Wages within Employer-Employee Matches: Evidence from German Panel Data," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 34, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    6. Wolf, Elke, 2000. "Loosening hours constraints on the supply of labor: what if Germans had a Dutch labor market?," ZEW Discussion Papers 00-54, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    7. Zapf, Ines, 2015. "Individual and workplace-specific determinants of paid and unpaid overtime work in Germany," IAB-Discussion Paper 201515, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    8. Bell, D. & RA Hart, 1999. "Overtime Working in an Unregulated Labour Market," Working Papers Series 9904, University of Stirling, Division of Economics.
    9. Männasoo, Kadri, 2022. "Working hours and gender wage differentials: Evidence from the American Working Conditions Survey," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    10. Thomas Bauer & Klaus F. Zimmermann, 1999. "Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 46(4), pages 419-436, September.
    11. Mireille Bruyere & Odile Chagny, 2002. "The fragility of international comparisons of employment and hours worked An attempt to reduce data heterogeneity," Documents de Travail de l'OFCE 2002-05, Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE).
    12. Anger, Silke, 2005. "Unpaid Overtime in Germany: Differences between East and West," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 125(1), pages 17-27.
    13. Pannenberg, Markus, 2002. "Long-Term Effects of Unpaid Overtime: Evidence for West Germany," IZA Discussion Papers 614, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Silke Anger, 2005. "Working Time as an Investment?: The Effects of Unpaid Overtime on Wages, Promotions, and Layoffs," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 535, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    15. Keith A. Bender & John Douglas Skåtun, 2009. "Constrained By Hours And Restricted In Wages: The Quality Of Matches In The Labor Market," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 47(3), pages 512-529, July.
    16. Uwe Jirjahn & Kornelius Kraft, 2010. "Teamwork And Intra‐Firm Wage Dispersion Among Blue‐Collar Workers," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 57(4), pages 404-429, September.
    17. Pannenberg, Markus & Wagner, Gert G., 2001. "Why Do Overtime Work, Overtime Compensation and the Distribution of Economic Well-Being Evidence for the West Germany and Great Britain," IZA Discussion Papers 318, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    18. Yan Feng;Shelley Farrar;Matt Sutton;Ada May, 2011. "The Effect of an Increase in the Rate of Payment on General Practitioner's Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation," Research Paper 000175, Office of Health Economics.
    19. Markus Pannenberg, 2005. "Long‐Term Effects Of Unpaid Overtime," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 52(2), pages 177-193, May.
    20. Markus Pannenberg & Gert G. Wagner, 2001. "Umfang und Kompensation von Überstunden: eine vergleichende Analyse für Westdeutschland und Großbritannien," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 234, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    21. Hart, Robert A. & Ma, Yue, 2000. "Why Do Firms Pay an Overtime Premium?," IZA Discussion Papers 163, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    22. Hübler, Olaf, 2003. "Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede (Gender-specific wage differentials)," Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 36(4), pages 539-559.
    23. Zapf, Ines & Weber, Enzo, 2017. "The role of employer, job and employee characteristics for flexible working time : An empirical analysis of overtime work and flexible working hours' arrangements," IAB-Discussion Paper 201704, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    24. David N. F. Bell & Robert A. Hart, 2023. "The decline of paid overtime working in Britain," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 61(2), pages 235-258, June.
    25. Ines Zapf, 2015. "Individual and Workplace-Specific Determinants of Paid and Unpaid Overtime Work in Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 771, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).

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