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Empowerment Paradox? The Long-Run Impact of a Cycling Program for Girls in Zambia

Author

Listed:
  • Garcia-Hernandez, Ana

    (Universidad del Rosario)

  • Prakash, Nishith

    (Northeastern University)

  • Steinert, Janina Isabel

    (Technical University of Munich)

Abstract

This study examines the five-year impacts of a bicycle distribution program for adolescent girls in rural Zambia, implemented across 91 schools as part of a randomized controlled trial. While the program increased girls’ self-reported empowerment and reduced experiences of domestic and intimate partner violence, it also led to higher rates of early marriage and teenage pregnancy—outcomes that run counter to the program’s objectives. We explore mechanisms behind this paradox, including improved socioeconomic status and increased receipt of bride prices, which may reflect girls’ higher perceived value in the marriage market. These findings suggest that girls may have exercised greater agency by making strategic decisions about marriage and childbearing. Our results underscore the complex interplay between empowerment, economic mobility, and local norms, and highlight the importance of accounting for potential unintended consequences when designing gender-focused development interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Garcia-Hernandez, Ana & Prakash, Nishith & Steinert, Janina Isabel, 2025. "Empowerment Paradox? The Long-Run Impact of a Cycling Program for Girls in Zambia," IZA Discussion Papers 17903, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17903
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    intimate partner violence; domestic violence; fertility; marriage; female empowerment; bicycles; Zambia; RCT;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J12 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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