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Bankruptcy prediction using machine learning and Shapley additive explanations

Author

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  • Hoang Hiep Nguyen

    (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Jean-Laurent Viviani

    (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Sami Ben Jabeur

    (ESDES - ESDES, Lyon Business School - UCLy - UCLy - UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UCLy - UCLy (Lyon Catholic University))

Abstract

Recently, ensemble-based machine learning models have been widely used and have demonstrated their efficiency in bankruptcy prediction. However, these algorithms are black box models and people cannot understand why they make their forecasts. This explains why interpretability methods in machine learning attract attention from many artificial intelligence researchers. In this paper, we evaluate the prediction performance of Random Forest, LightGBM, XGBoost, and NGBoost (Natural Gradient Boosting for probabilistic prediction) for French firms from different industries with the horizon of 1-5 years. We then use Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), a model-agnostic method to explain XGBoost, one of the best models for our data. SHAP can show how each feature impacts the output from XGBoost. Furthermore, single prediction can also be explained, thus allowing black box models to be used in credit risk management.

Suggested Citation

  • Hoang Hiep Nguyen & Jean-Laurent Viviani & Sami Ben Jabeur, 2023. "Bankruptcy prediction using machine learning and Shapley additive explanations," Post-Print hal-04223161, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04223161
    DOI: 10.1007/s11156-023-01192-x
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-04223161
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    References listed on IDEAS

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