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Revisiting the determinants of non-farm income in the Peruvian Andes in a context of intraseasonal climate variability and spatially widespread family networks

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Abstract

Las fuentes de ingresos no agrícolas son cada vez más importantes en el mundo en vías de desarrollo, representando hasta el 50 por ciento del ingreso promedio de los hogares rurales. Aunque existe una amplia literatura sobre los determinantes de las estrategias de diversificación de ingresos de los hogares rurales, dos factores asociados con las transformaciones a largo plazo y comunes a muchos países en vías de desarrollo aún no se han integrado al análisis: (i) el rol de la variabilidad climática intraestacional (afectada por el cambio climático), y (ii) el rol de las redes familiares ubicadas en áreas distantes (cada vez más relevante dado el desplazamiento de la población debido al conflicto interno y al aumento de la conectividad a través de carreteras y comunicaciones). Mientras que un aumento en la variabilidad climática implica un aumento en el riesgo y la vulnerabilidad para las actividades agrícolas, las redes familiares ubicadas en regiones distantes (que no comparten el clima local o los shocks del mercado) pueden convertirse en un activo clave para gestionar el riesgo y promover oportunidades de ingresos (siempre y cuando transmitan información y oportunidades que no estén disponibles a través de las redes locales). Dadas las imperfecciones del mercado que son comunes en las áreas rurales en desarrollo, especialmente aquellas relacionadas con la gestión del riesgo climático, la consideración explícita de ambos factores es clave para entender las estrategias de diversificación de los hogares rurales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir con esta agenda pendiente, investigando el rol de estos dos factores en la diversificación de ingresos de un hogar en actividades no agrícolas en los Andes peruanos, una región montañosa con gran variabilidad climática intraestacional y conectividad espacial limitada pero creciente, donde la población rural la población se vio severamente afectada por el conflicto interno que tuvo lugar en el país durante los años ochenta y noventa. Se modelan dos resultados económicos: la proporción de horas de trabajo no agrícolas y la proporción de los ingresos del trabajo no agrícola. Se encuentra que al controlar por otros activos y condiciones ambientales, los hogares con redes distantes, pero fuertes tienden a diversificarse más en actividades no agrícolas (los resultados sugieren que existe un efecto de sustitución entre los vínculos lejanos fuertes y débiles). Los aumentos en la variabilidad climática intraestacional (representados por el rango de temperatura durante la temporada principal de cultivo) inducen a los hogares rurales a aumentar la participación relativa de los ingresos no agrícolas y las horas de trabajo. El análisis muestra efectos heterogéneos dentro de la región andina. Mientras que en la región norte y las áreas más frías de la región centroandina (menos de 13ºC durante la temporada de cultivo) un aumento en la variabilidad climática intraestacional induce a los hogares rurales a aumentar las actividades generadoras de ingresos no agrícolas, la región sur no muestra un impacto significativo. Se necesita de un análisis más amplio para comprender si esta falta de un efecto se explica por las respuestas relacionadas con la granja. Estos resultados sugieren que las intervenciones centradas en ayudar a los agricultores a hacer frente al cambio climático deberían considerar no solo las actividades agrícolas, sino también las habilidades y los activos necesarios para acceder a ocupaciones no agrícolas. Un tipo de activo que generalmente es descuidado por los proyectos de desarrollo son las redes distantes de los hogares, que de hecho pueden desempeñar un rol en las estrategias de gestión de riesgos, de acuerdo con nuestros hallazgos.

Suggested Citation

  • Ponce, Carmen, 2018. "Revisiting the determinants of non-farm income in the Peruvian Andes in a context of intraseasonal climate variability and spatially widespread family networks," Avances de Investigación 0034, Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE).
  • Handle: RePEc:gad:avance:0034
    Note: Avances de Investigación, 34
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Woolcock, Michael & Narayan, Deepa, 2000. "Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 15(2), pages 225-249, August.
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    1. Fabry, Anna & Maertens, Miet, 2025. "Temporary labor mobility to various geographical and sectoral destinations improves rural incomes − Insights from Peru," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    2. Ponce, Carmen, 2020. "Intra-seasonal climate variability and crop diversification strategies in the Peruvian Andes: A word of caution on the sustainability of adaptation to climate change," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).

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    JEL classification:

    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • R51 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

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