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Tax Harmonization versus Tax Competition in Europe: A Game Theoretical Approach

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The purpose of this paper is to use a game theoretical approach to analyze tax harmonization, or competition, in a monetary union, more specifically in Europe. Without harmonization, free-riding behaviors may appear, leading to a sub-optimal tax equilibrium. Tax competition may also create budgetary problems and the objective of a balanced budget may not be attained. But national tax autonomy has one main advantage: as monetary policy is 'federalized', and as fiscal policy is constrained by the Stability and Growth Pact, taxation becomes the last macroeconomic instrument within governments' hands to deal with asymmetric shocks. The literature often condemns tax autonomy because of possible free-riding behaviors. In such a case, the competition could conduct to the lowest tax rate of all countries, condemning others to diminish their public spending. But, this analysis rests on a static point of view: In that case, harmonization with strict rules is Pareto-optimum. In the dynamic case, as harmonization costs are not incurred, the final equilibrium may be of a higher welfare level. Coordination would occur without the need for strict rules. If countries maintain sound public finance, tax competition would not lead to a 'race to the bottom'. L'objet de ce papier est d'utiliser une approche en terme de théorie des jeux afin d'étudier les questions d'harmonisation ou de compétition fiscale au sein d'une union monétaire. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude concerne l'Union économique et monétaire et le risque de « guerre d'usure ». Les arguments traditionnels sont d'une part que sans harmonisation, des comportements de « free-riding » peuvent apparaître, menant à un équilibre sous optimal en matière de politique fiscale, et d'autre part que la compétition peut aussi être à l'origine de problèmes importants en matière d'équilibre budgétaire. Mais l'autonomie fiscale a un avantage majeur. Lorsque la politique monétaire n'est plus du ressort des pays et lorsque la politique budgétaire est contrainte par le Pacte de stabilité et de croissance, l'instrument fiscal devient le dernier outil macro-économique à la disposition des gouvernements pour absorber les chocs asymétriques. Le modèle proposé est construit sous deux horizons. Si l’horizon est fini, les conclusions traditionnelles de la littérature en faveur de l'harmonisation sont représentées. Avec un horizon infini, les joueurs prennent en compte les coûts de dévier et d'entrer dans une guerre d'usure. La coordination apparaît alors sans qu'il y ait besoin d'un mécanisme institutionnel pour la forcer.

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  • André Fourçans & Thierry Warin, 2001. "Tax Harmonization versus Tax Competition in Europe: A Game Theoretical Approach," Cahiers de recherche CREFE / CREFE Working Papers 132, CREFE, Université du Québec à Montréal.
  • Handle: RePEc:cre:crefwp:132
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    Cited by:

    1. Danuše Nerudová, 2004. "Tax competition and tax harmonization in the European Union [Daňová soutěž a daňová harmonizace v Evropské unii]," Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, Mendel University Press, vol. 52(6), pages 135-144.
    2. Simon Munongo, & Olusegun Ayo Akanbi & Zurika Robinson, 2017. "Do tax incentives matter for investment? A literature review," Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), Prague Development Center, vol. 13(2), pages 152-168, May.
    3. Sharma, Chanchal Kumar, 2011. "Multilevel Fiscal Governance in a Balanced Policy Environment," MPRA Paper 30282, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. K. Mccarthy & F. van Doorn & B. Unger, 2008. "Globalisation, Tax Competition and the Harmonisation of Corporate Tax Rates in Europe: A Case of Killing the Patient to Cure the Disease?," Working Papers 08-13, Utrecht School of Economics.
    5. Mike, Károly, 2003. "A gazdaságpolitikai döntéshozatal nemzetek fölötti centralizációja és a közösségi gazdaságtan. Az adóverseny elméletének néhány tanulsága [Supranational centralization of economic policy-making and," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(3), pages 254-268.
    6. Krishanu Karmakar & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, 2014. "Fiscal Competition versus Fiscal Harmonization: A Review of the Arguments," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1431, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
    7. Killian J. McCarthy & Frederik van Doorn & Brigitte Unger, 2011. "Tax Competition and the Harmonisation of Corporate Tax Rates in Europe," Chapters, in: Miroslav N. Jovanović (ed.), International Handbook on the Economics of Integration, Volume II, chapter 20, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    8. Jiang, Xue & Li, Sai-Ping & Mai, Yong & Tian, Tao, 2022. "Study of multinational currency co-movement and exchange rate stability base on network game," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
    9. Miroslav N. Jovanović (ed.), 2011. "International Handbook on the Economics of Integration, Volume II," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 14136.
    10. Libman, Alexander, 2005. "Взаимодействие Государственных И Частных Структур В Интеграционных Группировах: Теоретические Подходы И Опыт Снг [Interaction of Public and Private Actors in Regional Integration Groups - Theoretic," MPRA Paper 17044, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Monetary union; Economic integration; Tax competition; Tax harmonization; Fiscal competition;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • H77 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism
    • H87 - Public Economics - - Miscellaneous Issues - - - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods

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