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Algorithmic Pricing and Competition: Balancing Efficiency and Consumer Welfare

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  • Frédéric Marty
  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

This article examines the competitive implications of algorithmic pricing in digital markets. While algorithmic pricing can enhance market efficiency through real-time adjustments, personalized offers, and inventory optimization, it also raises substantial risks, including tacit collusion, discriminatory pricing, market segmentation, and exploitative consumer manipulation. Drawing on theoretical models, simulations, and emerging empirical evidence, the brief explores how algorithmic strategies may lead to supra-competitive prices without explicit coordination, particularly in oligopolistic or data-rich environments. It also highlights how common algorithm providers, shared data sources, and learning dynamics can undermine competition. Special attention is given to the challenges posed by loyalty penalties, ecosystem lock-in, and granular predatory pricing. The paper concludes with a set of policy recommendations emphasizing updated enforcement tools, transparency mechanisms, ex ante regulation for dominant platforms, and a coordinated approach to digital market oversight that balances innovation with consumer protection. Cet article examine les implications concurrentielles de la tarification algorithmique sur les marchés numériques. Si la tarification algorithmique peut améliorer l'efficacité du marché grâce à des ajustements en temps réel, des offres personnalisées et une optimisation des stocks, elle présente également des risques importants, notamment la collusion tacite, la tarification discriminatoire, la segmentation du marché et la manipulation abusive des consommateurs. S'appuyant sur des modèles théoriques, des simulations et des données empiriques émergentes, cet article explore comment les stratégies algorithmiques peuvent conduire à des prix supraconcurrentiels sans coordination explicite, en particulier dans les environnements oligopolistiques ou riches en données. Il souligne également comment les fournisseurs d'algorithmes communs, les sources de données partagées et la dynamique d'apprentissage peuvent nuire à la concurrence. Une attention particulière est accordée aux défis posés par les pénalités de fidélité, le verrouillage de l'écosystème et les prix prédateurs granulaires. L'article conclut par un ensemble de recommandations politiques mettant l'accent sur la mise à jour des outils d'application, les mécanismes de transparence, la réglementation ex ante des plateformes dominantes et une approche coordonnée de la surveillance du marché numérique qui concilie innovation et protection des consommateurs.

Suggested Citation

  • Frédéric Marty & Thierry Warin, 2025. "Algorithmic Pricing and Competition: Balancing Efficiency and Consumer Welfare," CIRANO Papers 2025pr-09, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:circah:2025pr-09
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2025PR-09.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Abada, Ibrahim & Lambin, Xavier & Tchakarov, Nikolay, 2024. "Collusion by mistake: Does algorithmic sophistication drive supra-competitive profits?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 318(3), pages 927-953.
    2. Stephanie Assad & Robert Clark & Daniel Ershov & Lei Xu, 2024. "Algorithmic Pricing and Competition: Empirical Evidence from the German Retail Gasoline Market," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 132(3), pages 723-771.
    3. Emilio Calvano & Giacomo Calzolari & Vincenzo Denicolò & Sergio Pastorello, 2020. "Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 110(10), pages 3267-3297, October.
    4. Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin & Frédéric Marty & Eva Thelisson & Thierry Warin, 2022. "Artificial intelligence and consumer manipulations: from consumer's counter algorithms to firm's self-regulation tools," Post-Print halshs-03921216, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • L41 - Industrial Organization - - Antitrust Issues and Policies - - - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
    • D43 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
    • L13 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
    • K21 - Law and Economics - - Regulation and Business Law - - - Antitrust Law
    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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