IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/25-05.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Measuring the Business Dynamics of Firms that Received Pandemic Relief Funding: Findings from a New Experimental BDS Data Product

Author

Listed:
  • Richard Beem
  • Martha Stinson

Abstract

This paper describes a new experimental data product from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Center for Economic Studies: the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) of firms that received Small Business Administration (SBA) pandemic funding. This new product, BDS-SBA COVID, expands the set of currently published BDS tables by linking loan-level program participation data from SBA to internal business microdata at the U.S. Census Bureau. The linked programs include the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), COVID Economic Injury Disaster Loans (COVID-EIDL), the Restaurant Revitalization Fund (RRF), and Shuttered Venue Operators Grants (SVOG). Using these linked data, we tabulate annual firm and establishment counts, measures of job creation and destruction, and establishment entry and exit for recipients and non-recipients of program funds in 2020-2021. We further stratify the tables by timing of loan receipt and loan size, and business characteristics including geography, industry sector, firm size, and firm age. We find that for the youngest firms that received PPP, the timing of receipt mattered. Receiving an early loan correlated with a lower job destruction rate compared to non-recipients and businesses that received a later loan. For the smallest firms, simply participating in PPP was associated with lower employment loss. The timing of PPP receipt was also related to establishment exit rates. For businesses of nearly all ages, those that received an early loan exited at a lower rate in 2022 than later loan recipients.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Beem & Martha Stinson, 2025. "Measuring the Business Dynamics of Firms that Received Pandemic Relief Funding: Findings from a New Experimental BDS Data Product," Working Papers 25-05, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    • Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-05
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2025/adrm/ces/CES-WP-25-05.pdf
    File Function: First version, 2025
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Melissa C. Chow & Teresa C. Fort & Christopher Goetz & Nathan Goldschlag & James Lawrence & Elisabeth Ruth Perlman & Martha Stinson & T. Kirk White, 2021. "Redesigning the Longitudinal Business Database," NBER Working Papers 28839, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. David Autor & David Cho & Leland D. Crane & Mita Goldar & Byron Lutz & Joshua Montes & William B. Peterman & David Ratner & Daniel Villar & Ahu Yildirmaz, 2022. "The $800 Billion Paycheck Protection Program: Where Did the Money Go and Why Did It Go There?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 36(2), pages 55-80, Spring.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Melissa Chow & Martha Stinson, 2025. "Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties: A Description of Differences in Coastal Areas Over Time," Working Papers 25-08, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Marsh, W. Blake & Sharma, Padma, 2024. "Loan guarantees in a crisis: An antidote to a credit crunch?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    2. Staples, Aaron J. & Deming, Kristopher & Malone, Trey & Carpenter, Craig W. & Weiler, Stephan, 2024. "Pouring the Paycheck Protection Program into craft beer: PPP employment effects in service-intensive industries," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 21(C).
    3. Adrian Adermon & Lisa Laun & Patrik Lind & Martin Olsson & Jan Sauermann & Anna Sjögren, 2024. "Earnings Losses and the Role of the Welfare State During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Evidence from Sweden," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 70(4), pages 981-1010, December.
    4. Erik Brynjolfsson & Catherine Buffington & Nathan Goldschlag & J. Frank Li & Javier Miranda & Robert Seamans, 2023. "The Characteristics and Geographic Distribution of Robot Hubs in U.S. Manufacturing Establishments," Working Papers 23-14, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    5. Babina, Tania & Barkai, Simcha & Jeffers, Jessica & Karger, Ezra & Volkova, Ekaterina, 2023. "Antitrust Enforcement Increases Economic Activity," HEC Research Papers Series 1488, HEC Paris.
    6. Richard Beem & Christopher Goetz & Martha Stinson & Sean Wang, 2022. "Business Dynamics Statistics for Single-Unit Firms," Working Papers 22-57, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    7. Brown, J. David & Davis, Steven J. & Foster, Lucia & Haltiwanger, John C. & Sabelhaus, John, 2024. "Financing, Ownership, and Performance: A Novel, Longitudinal Firm-Level Database," IZA Discussion Papers 17517, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    8. Yuheng Ding & Karam Jo & Seula Kim, 2022. "Improving Patent Assignee-Firm Bridge with Web Search Results," Working Papers 22-31, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    9. Gonzalez-Pampillon, Nicolas & Nunez-Chaim, Gonzalo & Overman, Henry G., 2024. "The economic impacts of the UK's eat out to help out scheme," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    10. Jay Hyun & Ziho Park & Vladimir Smirnyagin, 2021. "Import Competition and Firms’ Internal Networks," Working Papers 21-28, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    11. Larrimore, Jeff & Mortenson, Jacob & Splinter, David, 2023. "Earnings business cycles: The Covid recession, recovery, and policy response," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    12. Pablo Andrés Neumeyer & Francisco J. Buera & Roberto N. Fattal Jaef & Hugo Hopenhayn & Yongseok Shin, 2025. "The Economic Ripple Effects of a Temporary Shutdown," Department of Economics Working Papers 2025_06, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella.
    13. Adela Luque & Vitaliy Novik, 2024. "Garage Entrepreneurs or just Self-Employed? An Investigation into Nonemployer Entrepreneurship," Working Papers 24-61, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    14. Huneeus,Federico & Kaboski,Joseph P. & Larrain,Mauricio & Sergio Schmukler & Vera,Mario, 2024. "Crisis Credit, Employment Protection, Indebtedness, and Risk," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10958, The World Bank.
    15. Timothy Watson & Paul Buckingham, 2023. "Australian Government COVID‐19 Business Supports," Australian Economic Review, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, vol. 56(1), pages 124-140, March.
    16. Alessandro Di Nola & Leo Kaas & Haomin Wang, 2023. "Rescue policies for small businesses in the Covid-19 recession," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 51, pages 579-603, December.
    17. Cahuc, Pierre, 2024. "The Micro and Macro Economics of Short-Time Work," CEPR Discussion Papers 19429, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    18. Stefano Filomeni, 2024. "The impact of the Paycheck Protection Program on the risk-taking behaviour of US banks," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 1329-1353, May.
    19. Fariha Kamal & Jessica McCloskey & Wei Ouyang, 2022. "Multinational Firms in the U.S. Economy: Insights from Newly Integrated Microdata," BEA Working Papers 0202, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
    20. Alexander Herzog-Stein & Patrick Nüß & Lennert Peede & Ulrike Stein, 2022. "Germany and the United States in coronavirus distress: internal versus external labour market flexibility," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 56(1), pages 1-22, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-05. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Dawn Anderson (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cesgvus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.