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Potential Bias When Using Administrative Data to Measure the Family Income of School-Aged Children

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  • Leah R. Clark
  • Renuka Bhaskar

Abstract

Researchers and practitioners increasingly rely on administrative data sources to measure family income. However, administrative data sources are often incomplete in their coverage of the population, giving rise to potential bias in family income measures, particularly if coverage deficiencies are not well understood. We focus on the school-aged child population, due to its particular import to research and policy, and because of the unique challenges of linking children to family income information. We find that two of the most significant administrative sources of family income information that permit linking of children and parents—IRS Form 1040 and SNAP participation records—usefully complement each other, potentially reducing coverage bias when used together. In a case study considering how best to measure economic disadvantage rates in the public school student population, we demonstrate the sensitivity of family income statistics to assumptions about individuals who do not appear in administrative data sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Leah R. Clark & Renuka Bhaskar, 2025. "Potential Bias When Using Administrative Data to Measure the Family Income of School-Aged Children," Working Papers 25-03, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    • Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-03
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    File URL: https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2025/adrm/ces/CES-WP-25-03.pdf
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