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The Dark Side of Batteries: Child Labor and Cobalt Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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  • Maurizio Malpede

Abstract

This paper provides evidence that the rapid increase in the demand for lithium-ion batteries has reduced the education rates of individuals living in cobalt-rich regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In contrast with other minerals, I find that children in cobalt-mining villages are more likely to work outside their domestic environment and less likely to be in school. I also show that children exposed to cobalt mining are associated with lower cognitive and physical development. These results were obtained by exploiting the exogenous geographic variation of cobalt deposits before the sharp increase in the worldwide demand for cobalt-based electric batteries and using individual education attainment data. These findings suggest that the lower educational achievement of children living in cobalt-rich communities of the DRC is caused not only by a lack of solid child labor regulations (CLRs) but also by a mining industry that generates pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Maurizio Malpede, 2022. "The Dark Side of Batteries: Child Labor and Cobalt Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo," GREEN Working Papers 22, GREEN, Centre for Research on Geography, Resources, Environment, Energy & Networks, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
  • Handle: RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp22
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    File URL: https://repec.unibocconi.it/iefe/bcu/papers/GREEN_wp22.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Lithium-ion Batteries; Cobalt Mining; Child Labour;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products

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