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Cash and COVID-19: The impact of the second wave in Canada

Author

Listed:
  • Heng Chen
  • Walter Engert
  • Marie-Hélène Felt
  • Kim P. Huynh
  • Gradon Nicholls
  • Daneal O'Habib
  • Julia Zhu

Abstract

We use consumer surveys conducted in April, July and November 2020 to study how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the demand for cash and the use of various methods of payment. Continuing from Chen et al. (2020, 2021), we use data from the Bank Note Distribution System (BNDS) to track how the amount of cash in circulation changed throughout 2020. The November 2020 survey included a three-day payment diary. We compare this diary with similar diaries from 2009, 2013 and 2017 to study long-term trends in cash use and payment methods.

Suggested Citation

  • Heng Chen & Walter Engert & Marie-Hélène Felt & Kim P. Huynh & Gradon Nicholls & Daneal O'Habib & Julia Zhu, 2021. "Cash and COVID-19: The impact of the second wave in Canada," Discussion Papers 2021-12, Bank of Canada.
    • Handle: RePEc:bca:bocadp:21-12
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Heng Chen & Q. Rallye Shen, 2019. "Variance Estimation for Survey-Weighted Data Using Bootstrap Resampling Methods: 2013 Methods-of-Payment Survey Questionnaire," Advances in Econometrics, in: The Econometrics of Complex Survey Data, volume 39, pages 87-106, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    2. M. Saisana & A. Saltelli & S. Tarantola, 2005. "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques as tools for the quality assessment of composite indicators," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 168(2), pages 307-323, March.
    3. Heng Chen & Q. Rallye Shen, 2017. "Variance estimation for survey-weighted data using bootstrap resampling methods: 2013 methods-of-payment," Canadian Stata Users' Group Meetings 2017 13, Stata Users Group.
    4. Heng Chen & Walter Engert & Kim Huynh & Gradon Nicholls & Julia Zhu, 2021. "Cash and COVID-19: The Effects of Lifting Containment Measures on Cash Demand and Use," Discussion Papers 2021-3, Bank of Canada.
    5. repec:fip:a00001:89583 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Gerrit Bilkes, 1997. "The new bank note distribution system," Bank of Canada Review, Bank of Canada, vol. 1997(Summer), pages 41-54.
    7. Christopher Henry & Kim Huynh & Angelika Welte, 2018. "2017 Methods-of-Payment Survey Report," Discussion Papers 18-17, Bank of Canada.
    8. Christopher Henry & Kim Huynh & Gradon Nicholls & Mitchell Nicholson, 2019. "2018 Bitcoin Omnibus Survey: Awareness and Usage," Discussion Papers 2019-10, Bank of Canada.
    9. Christopher Henry & Kim Huynh & Rallye Shen, 2015. "2013 Methods-of-Payment Survey Results," Discussion Papers 15-4, Bank of Canada.
    10. Kim Huynh & Gradon Nicholls & Oleksandr Shcherbakov, 2019. "Explaining the Interplay Between Merchant Acceptance and Consumer Adoption in Two-Sided Markets for Payment Methods," Staff Working Papers 19-32, Bank of Canada.
    11. Heng Chen & Walter Engert & Kim Huynh & Gradon Nicholls & Mitchell Nicholson & Julia Zhu, 2020. "Cash and COVID-19: The impact of the pandemic on demand for and use of cash," Discussion Papers 2020-6, Bank of Canada.
    12. Mitchell, Olivia S. & Lusardi, Annamaria (ed.), 2011. "Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199696819.
    13. Heng Chen & Marie-Hélène Felt & Christopher Henry, 2018. "2017 Methods-of-Payment Survey: Sample Calibration and Variance Estimation," Technical Reports 114, Bank of Canada.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Toshitaka Sekine & Toshiaki Shoji & Tsutomu Watanabe, 2021. "Going Cashless: Evidence from Japan’s Point Reward Program," Working Papers on Central Bank Communication 036, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Economics.
    2. Heng Chen & Walter Engert & Kim Huynh & Daneal O’Habib & Joy Wu & Julia Zhu, 2022. "Cash and COVID-19: What happened in 2021," Discussion Papers 2022-8, Bank of Canada.
    3. Ashworth, Jonathan & Goodhart, C. A. E., 2021. "The great Covid cash surge - digitalisation hasn't dented cash's safe haven role," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 112432, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    4. Jonker, Nicole & van der Cruijsen, Carin & Bijlsma, Michiel & Bolt, Wilko, 2022. "Pandemic payment patterns," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    5. Felt, Marie-Hélène & Hayashi, Fumiko & Stavins, Joanna & Welte, Angelika, 2023. "Regressive effects of payment card pricing and merchant cost pass-through in the United States and Canada," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    6. Toshitaka Sekine & Toshiaki Shoji & Tsutomu Watanabe, 2021. "Going Cashless: Evidence from Japan’s Point Reward Program," CARF F-Series CARF-F-525, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    7. Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo & Bautista-González, Manuel A & González-Correa, Ignacio, 2021. "La transformación en el uso de efectivo y pagos digitales durante la pandemia de Covid-19 [Thye transformation in the use of cash and digital payments during the Covid-19 pandemioc]," MPRA Paper 109943, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Bank notes; Central bank research; Coronavirus disease (COVID-19); Digital currencies and fintech; Econometric and statistical methods;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C12 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Hypothesis Testing: General
    • E4 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean

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