Report NEP-MAC-2021-08-09
This is the archive for NEP-MAC, a report on new working papers in the area of Macroeconomics. Soumitra K Mallick issued this report. It is usually issued weekly.Subscribe to this report: email, RSS, or Mastodon.
Other reports in NEP-MAC
The following items were announced in this report:
- Fernando Barros & Fabio Gomes & Andre Luduvice, 2021. "The Welfare Costs of Business Cycles Unveiled: Measuring the Extent of Stabilization Policies," Working Papers 21-14R2, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, revised 02 Mar 2023.
- García-Suaza, A & Gómez, M & Jaramillo, F, 2021. "Fiscal policy and informality in Colombia," Documentos de trabajo - Alianza EFI 19416, Alianza EFI.
- Tanaka, Yasuhito, 2021. "Mmtの数学モデルについて [A mathematical model of MMT]," MPRA Paper 109004, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Martin Kuncl & Austin McWhirter & Alexander Ueberfeldt, 2021. "The uneven economic consequences of COVID 19: A structural analysis," Staff Analytical Notes 2021-17, Bank of Canada.
- Brent Bundick & Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau, 2021. "From Deviations to Shortfalls: The Effects of the FOMC's New Employment Objective," Working Paper Series 2021-18, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Régis Barnichon & Geert Mesters, 2021. "Fiscal targeting," Economics Working Papers 1793, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
- Luca Fornaro & Martin Wolf, 2021. "Monetary policy in the age of automation," Economics Working Papers 1794, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Sep 2022.
- Brianti, Marco, 2021. "Financial Shocks, Uncertainty Shocks, and Monetary Policy Trade-Offs," Working Papers 2021-5, University of Alberta, Department of Economics.
- Javier Bianchi & Louphou Coulibaly, 2021. "Liquidity Traps, Prudential Policies, and International Spillovers," Working Papers 780, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- Firmin Doko Tchatoka & Qazi Haque, 2021. "Revisiting the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy shocks," CAMA Working Papers 2021-61, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Jongrim Ha & M. Ayhan Kose & Franziska Ohnsorge, 2021. "Inflation during the pandemic: What happened? What is next?," CAMA Working Papers 2021-58, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Kollmann, Robert & Lubik, Thomas & Roeger, Werner, 2021. "Secular Stagnation, Low Interest Rates and Low Inflation: Causes and Implications for Policy," MPRA Paper 108979, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Vadim O. Grishchenko & Alexander Mihailov & Vasily N. Tkachev, 2021. "Money Creation in Russia: Does the Money Multiplier Exist?," Economics Discussion Papers em-dp2021-15, Department of Economics, University of Reading.
- Grimaud, Alex, 2021. "Precautionary saving and un-anchored expectations," MPRA Paper 108931, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Martin Kuncl & Alexander Ueberfeldt, 2021. "Monetary Policy and the Persistent Aggregate Effects of Wealth Redistribution," Staff Working Papers 21-38, Bank of Canada.
- Coleman, Winnie & Nautz, Dieter, 2021. "Inflation expectations, inflation target credibility and the COVID-19 pandemic: New evidence from Germany," Discussion Papers 2021/12, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- Coenen, Günter & Montes-Galdón, Carlos & Schmidt, Sebastian, 2021. "Macroeconomic stabilisation and monetary policy effectiveness in a low-interest-rate environment," Working Paper Series 2572, European Central Bank.
- Congressional Budget Office, 2021. "Additional Information About the Updated Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031," Reports 57263, Congressional Budget Office.
- Saccal, Alessandro, 2021. "Efficiency wage (and slavery) efficiency: in theory and in time," MPRA Paper 108969, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Debora Silva Oliveira & Mauro Rodrigues, 2021. "Price rigidity in Brazil: Microeconomic evidence and Macroeconomic Implications," Working Papers, Department of Economics 2021_21, University of São Paulo (FEA-USP).
- Valérie Mignon & Antonin Aviat & Frédérique Bec & Claude Diebolt & Catherine Doz & Denis Ferrand & Laurent Ferrara & Eric Heyer & Pierre-Alain Pionnier, 2021. "Dating business cycles in France: A reference chronology," EconomiX Working Papers 2021-23, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
- Paolo Bramini & Matteo Coletti & Francesco Di Stasio & Pierfrancesco Molina & Vittorio Schina & Massimo Valentini, 2021. "TARGET2 - The European system for large-value payments settlement," Mercati, infrastrutture, sistemi di pagamento (Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems) 9, Bank of Italy, Directorate General for Markets and Payment System.
- Martin Bruns & Michele Piffer, 2021. "Monetary policy shocks over the business cycle: Extending the Smooth Transition framework," University of East Anglia School of Economics Working Paper Series 2021-07, School of Economics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK..
- Cem Ali Gokcen, 2021. "Assessing the Effects of Covid-19 Containment Measures on Manufacturing and Services Industries," Working Papers 2118, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
- Philippa Sigl-Gloeckner & Max Krahé & Pola Schneemelcher & Florian Schuster & Viola Hilbert & Henrika Meyer, 2021. "A new fiscal policy for Germany," Working Papers 2a, Forum New Economy.
- Thomas Palley, 2021. "Financialization revisited: the economics and political economy of the vampire squid economy," Working Papers PKWP2110, Post Keynesian Economics Society (PKES).
- Srivastava, Dinesh Kumar & Trehan, Ragini & Bharadwaj, Muralikrishna & Kapur, Tarrung, 2021. "Revisiting fiscal responsibility norms: a cross country analysis of the impact of Covid-19," MPRA Paper 108903, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Israel, Karl-Friedrich & Sepp, Tim & Sonnenberg, Nils, 2021. "Japanese monetary policy and household saving," Working Papers 173, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Economics and Management Science.
- Boris Hofmann & Marco Jacopo Lombardi & Benoit Mojon & Athanasios Orphanides, 2021. "Fiscal and monetary policy interactions in a low interest rate world," BIS Working Papers 954, Bank for International Settlements.
- Allan W. Gregory & James McNeil & Gregor W. Smith, 2022. "US Fiscal Policy Shocks: Proxy-SVAR Overidentification via GMM," Working Paper 1461, Economics Department, Queen's University.
- Jongrim Ha & M. Ayhan Kose & Franziska Ohnsorge, 2021. "One-stop source: A global database of inflation," CAMA Working Papers 2021-59, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Christiane Baumeister & Danilo Leiva-León & Eric Sims, 2021. "Tracking weekly state-level economic conditions," CAMA Working Papers 2021-55, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Tatsushi Okuda & Tomohiro Tsuruga, 2021. "Inflation Expectations and Central Bank Communication with Unknown Prior," IMES Discussion Paper Series 21-E-07, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan.
- Bernd Hayo & Pierre-Guillaume Meon, 2021. "Measuring Household Inflation Perceptions and Expectations: The Effect of Guided vs Non-Guided Inflation Questions," MAGKS Papers on Economics 202127, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
- Robert Amano & Marc-André Gosselin & Kurt See, 2021. "Exploring the potential benefits of inflation overshooting," Staff Analytical Notes 2021-16, Bank of Canada.
- Adesoji O. Farayibi & Oludele Folarin, 2021. "Does Government Education Expenditure Affect Educational Outcomes? New Evidence from Sub-Sahara African Countries," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 21/048, African Governance and Development Institute..
- Illenin O. Kondo & Logan T. Lewis & Andrea Stella, 2021. "Heavy Tailed, but not Zipf: Firm and Establishment Size in the U.S," Working Papers 21-15, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Gouriéroux, Christian & Monfort, Alain & Mouabbi, Sarah & Renne, Jean-Paul, 2021. "Disastrous Defaults," TSE Working Papers 21-1237, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
- Tanaka, Yasuhito, 2021. "An elementary mathematical model for MMT (Modern Monetary Theory)," MPRA Paper 109005, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Aikman, David & Bluwstein, Kristina & Karmakar, Sudipto, 2021. "A tail of three occasionally-binding constraints: a modelling approach to GDP-at-Risk," Bank of England working papers 931, Bank of England.
- Richard Dennis & Tatiana Kirsanova, 2021. "Policy biases in a model with labor market frictions," CAMA Working Papers 2021-63, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Guna Raj Bhatta & Rabindra Nepal & Kankesu Jayanthakumaran & Charles Harvie, 2021. "Impossible trinity in a small open economy: A state-space model informed policy simulation," CAMA Working Papers 2021-60, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Nicholas Garvin & Alex Kearney & Corrine Rosé, 2021. "Macroprudential Limits on Mortgage Products: The Australian Experience," RBA Research Discussion Papers rdp2021-07, Reserve Bank of Australia.
- Grzegorz Halaj & Sofia Priazhkina, 2021. "Stressed but not Helpless: Strategic Behaviour of Banks Under Adverse Market Conditions," Staff Working Papers 21-35, Bank of Canada.
- Sui-Jade Ho & Oezer Karagedikli, 2021. "Effects of Monetary Policy Communication in Emerging Market Economies: Evidence from Malaysia," MAGKS Papers on Economics 202126, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
- Andreas Schabert, 2021. "Optimal Corrective Policies under Financial Frictions," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 107, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
- Ethan B. Kapstein & Adityamohan Tantravahi, 2021. "The Price of Violence: Interest Rates and Homicides in Mexico," Empirical Studies of Conflict Project (ESOC) Working Papers 26, Empirical Studies of Conflict Project.
- Jose-Maria Da-Rocha & Diego Restuccia & Marina M. Tavares, 2021. "Policy Distortions and Aggregate Productivity with Endogenous Establishment-Level Productivity," Working Papers tecipa-702, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
- Laudati, D. & Pesaran, M. H., 2021. "Identifying the Effects of Sanctions on the Iranian Economy using Newspaper Coverage," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 2155, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
- Dünhaupt, Petra & Herr, Hansjörg & Mehl, Fabian & Teipen, Christina, 2021. "Economic and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the future of global value chains," IPE Working Papers 164/2021, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE).
- Alan Heston & D.S Prasada Rao, 2021. "Price Levels, Size, Distribution and Growth of the World Economy: Insights from recent International Comparisons of Prices and Real Product," CEPA Working Papers Series WP102021, School of Economics, University of Queensland, Australia.
- Sui-Jade Ho & Özer Karagedikli, 2021. "Effects of Monetary Policy Communication in Emerging Market Economies: Evidence from Malaysia," Working Papers wp44, South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre.
- Mkadmi, Jamel Eddine & Bakari, Sayef & Msai, Achwak, 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Tax Policies on Economic Growth in Tunisia: New Empirical and Policy Analysis," MPRA Paper 109023, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Hulya Saygili & Aysun Turkvatan, 2021. "Tradable and Non-tradable Inflation in Turkey: Predicting Different States with Markov Regime-Switching Approach," Working Papers 2117, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
- Markus Brueckner, 2021. "Fiscal consolidations," CAMA Working Papers 2021-57, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Christian Moser & Pierre Yared, 2021. "Pandemic Lockdown: The Role of Government Commitment," Staff Report 627, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- Afees A. Salisu & Rangan Gupta & Abeeb Olaniran, 2021. "The Effect of Oil Uncertainty Shock on Real GDP of 33 Countries: A Global VAR Approach," Working Papers 202153, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Philippa Sigl-Gloeckner & Max Krahé & Pola Schneemelcher & Florian Schuster & Viola Hilbert & Henrika Meyer, 2021. "Eine neue deutsche Finanzpolitik," Working Papers 2, Forum New Economy.
- Joshua Bosshardt & Ali Kakhbod & Farzad Saidi, 2021. "The Bank Liquidity Channel of Financial (In)stability," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 108, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
- Andrew Usher & Edona Reshidi & Francisco Rivadeneyra & Scott Hendry, 2021. "The Positive Case for a CBDC," Discussion Papers 2021-11, Bank of Canada.
- Jena, Pratap Ranjan & Singh, Abhishek, 2021. "Sub-national Budget Credibility Institutional Perspective and Reform Agenda in India," Working Papers 21/338, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
- Andreas Irmen, 2021. "Automation, Growth, and Factor Shares in the Era of Population Aging," CESifo Working Paper Series 9193, CESifo.
- Selva Bahar Baziki & Tanju Capacioglu, 2021. "Macroprudential Policies, Credit Guarantee Schemes and Commercial Loans: Lending Decisions of Banks," Working Papers 2120, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
- Miyazaki, Koichi, 2021. "A theory of optimal paid parental leave policies," MPRA Paper 109035, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Aimola, Akingbade U & Odhiambo, Nicholas M, 2021. "Public debt and inflation nexus in Nigeria: An ARDL bounds test approach," Working Papers 27738, University of South Africa, Department of Economics.
- Heng Chen & Walter Engert & Marie-Hélène Felt & Kim P. Huynh & Gradon Nicholls & Daneal O'Habib & Julia Zhu, 2021. "Cash and COVID-19: The impact of the second wave in Canada," Discussion Papers 2021-12, Bank of Canada.
- Audra Bowlus & Lance Lochner & Chris Robinson & Eda Suleymanoglu, 2021. "Wages, Skills, and Skill-Biased Technical Change: The Canonical Model Revisited," CESifo Working Paper Series 9212, CESifo.
- Guilherme de Oliveira & Gilberto Tadeu Lima, 2021. "Economic Growth as a Double-Edged Sword: The Pollution-Adjusted Kaldor-Verdoorn Effect," Working Papers, Department of Economics 2021_20, University of São Paulo (FEA-USP).
- Miguel Benítez, 2021. "Propuestas de política pública para el rescate social y la creación de empleo en Cali," Informes de Investigación 19363, Fedesarrollo.
- Guna Raj Bhatta & Rabindra Nepal & Charles Harvie & Kankesu Jayanthakumaran, 2021. "Testing for uncovered interest parity conditions in a small open economy: A state space modelling approach," CAMA Working Papers 2021-56, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Nicola Amendola & Lorenzo Carbonari & Leo Ferraris, 2021. "Three Liquid Assets," Working Paper series 21-14, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
- Grömling, Michael, 2021. "Unternehmen gehen mit Zuversicht in das zweite Halbjahr 2021: IW-Konjunkturumfrage Sommer 2021," IW-Reports 24/2021, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) / German Economic Institute.
- Ceyhun Elgin & Abdullah Yalaman & Sezer Yasar, 2021. "Democracy and fiscal-policy responses to COVID-19," CAMA Working Papers 2021-62, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Jorge C. Ávila, 2021. "Nueva Evidencia sobre la Relación entre Riesgo Argentino y Actividad Económica 1986-2019," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo. 801, Universidad del CEMA.
- Erol Taymaz & Ebru Voyvoda & Kamil Yilmaz, 2021. "Transition to Democracy, Real Wages and Productivity: The Turkish Experience," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 2111, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
- FURUKAWA Yuichi & NIWA Sumiko, 2021. "Deflation and Declining Business Dynamism in a Cash-in-Advance Economy," Discussion papers 21058, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
- Heine, Michael & Herr, Hansjörg, 2021. "Deutsche Reichsbank - Entstehung, Funktion und Politik," IPE Working Papers 163/2021, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE).
- Subramaniam, Viswanatha, 2021. "Poverty - A Simple Approach to Eradicate IT," MPRA Paper 108889, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Costola, Michele & Lorusso, Marco, 2021. "Spillovers among Energy Commodities and the Russian Stock Market," MPRA Paper 108990, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Kevin Lee & Michael Mahony & Paul Mizen, 2020. "Output expectations, uncertainty and the UK business cycle; Evidence from the CBI's suite of business surveys," Discussion Papers 2020/12, University of Nottingham, Centre for Finance, Credit and Macroeconomics (CFCM).
- Tara M. Sinclair & Zhoudan Xie, 2021. "Sentiment and uncertainty about regulation," CAMA Working Papers 2021-54, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Buesa, Alejandro & De Quinto, Alicia & Población García, Francisco Javier, 2021. "Risky mortgages, credit shocks and cross-border spillovers," ESRB Working Paper Series 123, European Systemic Risk Board.
- Yose Rizal Damuri & Prabaning Tyas & Haryo Aswicahyono & Lionel Priyadi & Stella Kusumawardhani & Ega Kurnia Yazid, 2021. "Tracking the Ups and Downs in Indonesia’s Economic Activity During COVID-19 Using Mobility Index: Evidence from Provinces in Java and Bali," Working Papers DP-2021-18, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
- Gomez, M, 2021. "Job Polarization and the Informal Labor Market," Documentos de trabajo - Alianza EFI 19418, Alianza EFI.
- Emanuele Urbinati & Alessia Belsito & Daniele Cani & Angela Caporrini & Marco Capotosto & Simone Folino & Giuseppe Galano & Giancarlo Goretti & Gabriele Marcelli & Pietro Tiberi & Alessia Vita, 2021. "A digital euro: a contribution to the discussion on technical design choices," Mercati, infrastrutture, sistemi di pagamento (Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems) 10, Bank of Italy, Directorate General for Markets and Payment System.
- Adrien Matray & Charles Boissel, 2020. "Higher Dividend Taxes, No Problem! Evidence from Taxing Entrepreneurs in France," Working Papers 276, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Center for Economic Policy Studies..
- Budnik, Katarzyna & Dimitrov, Ivan & Giglio, Carla & Groß, Johannes & Lampe, Max & Sarychev, Andrei & Tarbé, Matthieu & Vagliano, Gianluca & Volk, Matjaz, 2021. "The growth-at-risk perspective on the system-wide impact of Basel III finalisation in the euro area," Occasional Paper Series 258, European Central Bank.
- Lorenzo Esposito & Lorenzo Marrese, 2021. "The impact of cognitive skills on investment decisions. An empirical assessment and policy suggestions," DISCE - Quaderni del Dipartimento di Politica Economica dipe0019, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE).
- Guido Ascari & Qazi Haque & Leandro M. Magnusson & Sophocles Mavroeidis, 2021. "Empirical evidence on the Euler equation for investment in the US," Papers 2107.08713, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2022.
- Gert Bijnens & Emmanuel Dhyne, 2021. "The return on human (STEM) capital in Belgium," Working Paper Research 401, National Bank of Belgium.
- Abrigo, Michael Ralph M. & Quimba, Francis Mark A. & Reyes, Celia M. & Baje, Lora Kryz & Calizo, Sylwyn Jr. C. & Tam, Zhandra C & Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie & Hernandez, Gabriel Iñigo M. & Borromeo, Ni, 2020. "PIDS-BSP Annual Macroeconometric Model for the Philippines: Preliminary Estimates and Ways Forward," Discussion Papers DP 2020-16, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
- Henri Njangang & Simplice A. Asongu & Sosson Tadadjeu & Yann Nounamo & Brice Kamguia, 2021. "Governance in mitigating the effect of oil wealth on wealth inequality: a cross-country analysis of policy thresholds," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 21/049, African Governance and Development Institute..
- Yongsung Chang & Jong-Suk Han & Sun-Bin Kim, 2021. "Negative Income Tax and Universal Basic Income in the Eyes of Aiyagari," Working Paper Series no141, Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University.
- Tamele, Barbora & Zamora-Pérez, Alejandro & Litardi, Chiara & Howes, John & Steinmann, Eike & Todt, Daniel, 2021. "Catch me (if you can): assessing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via euro cash," Occasional Paper Series 259, European Central Bank.
- Jens H. E. Christensen & Jose A. Lopez & Paul Mussche, 2021. "International Evidence on Extending Sovereign Debt Maturities," Working Paper Series 2021-19, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Felix Brunner & Ruben Hipp, 2021. "Estimating Large-Dimensional Connectedness Tables: The Great Moderation Through the Lens of Sectoral Spillovers," Staff Working Papers 21-37, Bank of Canada.
- Giroldo, Renato & Hollenbeck, Brett, 2021. "Concentration, Retail Markups, and Countervailing Power: Evidence from Retail Lotteries," MPRA Paper 109039, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Johannes W. Fedderke, 2021. "Identifying SteadyState Growth and Inflation in the South African Economy 19602020," Working Papers 11013, South African Reserve Bank.
- Teles Huo & Miguel St. Aubyn, 2021. "Public And Private Capital And Public Private Partnerships Series Construction For Mozambique, 1960 – 2017," Working Papers REM 2021/0183, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa.
- Arezki, Rabah & Simeon Djankov, Simeon & Nguyen, Ha & Yotzov, Ivan, 2021. "Reversal of Fortune for Political Incumbents : Evidence from Oil Shocks," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1362, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Coy, F & Pacheco, J & Peralta, M & Saavedra, S & Llanes, Y, 2021. "Caracterización de minas formales e informales en Colombia," Documentos de trabajo - Alianza EFI 19417, Alianza EFI.
- Ray C. Fair, 2021. "Retrospective Voting Versus Risk-Aversion Voting: A Comment on Pástor and Veronesi (2020)," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 2279, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, revised Jul 2021.
- van Buggenum, Hugo, 2021. "Risk, Inside Money, and the Real Economy," Discussion Paper 2021-020, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.