Yield Curve Prediction with Machine Learning: Forecasting Approaches and the Role of Macroeconomic Predictors

This paper compares direct-yield and factor-based approaches to U.S. Treasury yield curve forecasting using a common high-dimensional macroeconomic information set. Forecasts are evaluated on monthly zero-coupon yields over the 2015-2025 out-of-sample period. Gains over the random walk are concentrated at short maturities and in slope forecasts, and decline with the forecast horizon. Direct-yield models perform best for slope forecasts and are relatively stronger at short horizons, while factor-based models become more competitive at longer horizons. Macroeconomic predictors provide clear incremental predictive power, strongest for slope-related movements. A trading simulation reinforces that macro-augmented models perform best in slope trades. The simulation also highlights a gap between statistical and economic performance, as the random walk is a strong benchmark under statistical loss but performs poorly as a trading signal.