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Payment-Chain Crisis

Author

Listed:
  • Esteban Méndez-Chacón

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

  • Diana Van Patten

    (Yale University and NBER)

  • Sake Bigio

    (UCLA and NBER)

Abstract

This paper introduces an endogenous network of payment chains into a business cycle model. Motivated by evidence of linked payments across firms in Costa Rica, we develop a framework where production orders form bilateral relations: some payments are executed immediately, while others—chained payments—are delayed until upstream payments are received. These chains capture real-world situations in which firms must wait to be paid before paying their own suppliers, leaving resources temporarily idle even when demand and capacity exist. In equilibrium, agents choose the amount of chained payments given interest rates and access to internal funds or credit lines. This choice determines the payment-chain network and aggregate total-factor productivity (TFP). The paper characterizes equilibrium dynamics and pecuniary externalities when agents internalize their own payment delays but not the delays imposed on others. *** Resumen: Este artículo introduce una red endógena de cadenas de pagos en un modelo de ciclo económico. Motivados por evidencia de pagos vinculados entre empresas, desarrollamos un marco en el que las órdenes de producción generan relaciones bilaterales: algunos pagos se ejecutan de manera inmediata, mientras que otros —pagos encadenados— se retrasan hasta que se reciben los pagos de etapas anteriores. Estas cadenas capturan situaciones del mundo real en las que las empresas deben esperar a cobrar antes de pagar a sus propios proveedores, lo que deja recursos temporalmente inactivos incluso cuando existe demanda y capacidad productiva. En equilibrio, los agentes eligen la cantidad de pagos encadenados dados los tipos de interés y el acceso a fondos internos o líneas de crédito. Esta elección determina la red de cadenas de pagos y la productividad total de los factores agregada. El artículo caracteriza la dinámica de equilibrio y las externalidades pecuniarias cuando los agentes internalizan sus propios retrasos en los pagos, pero no los retrasos que imponen a otros.

Suggested Citation

  • Esteban Méndez-Chacón & Diana Van Patten & Sake Bigio, 2026. "Payment-Chain Crisis," Documentos de Trabajo 2601, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:2601
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    File URL: https://repositorioinvestigaciones.bccr.fi.cr/handle/20.500.12506/519
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • O16 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

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