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Cardiovascular Mortality and Leaded Aviation Fuel: Evidence from Piston-Engine Air Traffic in North Carolina

Author

Listed:
  • Klemick, Heather
  • Guignet, Dennis
  • Bui, Linda
  • Shadbegian, Ron
  • Milani, Cameron

Abstract

Leaded fuel used by piston-engine aircraft is the largest source of airborne lead emissions in the United States. Previous studies have found higher blood lead levels in children living near airports where leaded aviation fuel is used. However, little is known about health effects on adults. This study is the first to examine the association between exposure to leaded aviation fuel and adult cardiovascular mortality. We estimate the association between annual piston-engine air traffic and cardiovascular mortality among adults ages 65 and older near 40 North Carolina airports during 2000 to 2017. We use several strategies to minimize the potential for bias due to omitted variables and confounding from other health hazards at airports, including coarsened exact matching, location-specific intercepts, and adjustment for jet-engine and other air traffic that does not use leaded fuel. We find that cardiovascular mortality rates within a few kilometers of single-runway airports were significantly higher in years with more piston-engine air traffic. We do not consistently find a statistically significant association between cardiovascular mortality rates and piston-engine air traffic near multi-runway airports, where there is greater uncertainty in our measure of the distance between populations and aviation exposures. These results suggest that (i) reducing lead emissions from aviation could yield substantial health benefits for adults, and (ii) more refined data are needed to obtain more precise estimates of these benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Klemick, Heather & Guignet, Dennis & Bui, Linda & Shadbegian, Ron & Milani, Cameron, 2022. "Cardiovascular Mortality and Leaded Aviation Fuel: Evidence from Piston-Engine Air Traffic in North Carolina," National Center for Environmental Economics-NCEE Working Papers 348922, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:nceewp:348922
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.348922
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Navas-Acien, Ana, "undated". "Lead and Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence Supports Lead as an Independent Cardiovascular Risk Factor," National Center for Environmental Economics-NCEE Working Papers 312233, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
    2. Sammy Zahran & Terrence Iverson & Shawn P. McElmurry & Stephan Weiler, 2017. "The Effect of Leaded Aviation Gasoline on Blood Lead in Children," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 4(2), pages 575-610.
    3. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M., 1999. "Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 77-97, May.
    4. Halliday, Timothy J., 2014. "Unemployment and mortality: Evidence from the PSID," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 15-22.
    5. Iacus, Stefano M. & King, Gary & Porro, Giuseppe, 2012. "Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(1), pages 1-24, January.
    6. Wolfram Schlenker & W. Reed Walker, 2016. "Airports, Air Pollution, and Contemporaneous Health," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 83(2), pages 768-809.
    7. Alex Hollingsworth & Ivan Rudik, 2021. "The Effect of Leaded Gasoline on Elderly Mortality: Evidence from Regulatory Exemptions," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 13(3), pages 345-373, August.
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    1. Florentyna Morawska & Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz & Remigiusz Jasiński & Andrzej Ziółkowski, 2025. "Alternative Fuels for General Aviation Piston Engines: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-20, October.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

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