Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

2018

• Gopi Shah Goda & Matthew Levy & Colleen Flaherty Manchester & Aaron Sojourner & Joshua Tasoff, 2018, "Predicting Retirement Savings Using Survey Measures of Exponential-Growth Bias and Present Bias," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2018-059, Aug.
• Fabian Kindermann & Lukas Mayr & Dominik Sachs, 2018, "Inheritance Taxation and Wealth Effects on the Labor Supply of Heirs," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2018-067, Sep.
• Svetlana Pashchenko & Ponpoje Porapakkarm, 2018, "Reducing Medical Spending of the Publicly Insured: The Case for a Cash-Out Option," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2018-080, Nov.
• Bobby Chung, 2018, "Peers' Parents and Educational Attainment: The Exposure Effect," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2018-086, Nov.
• Fernando Monroy & Joel Mendoza, 2018, "The Impact Of Human Error Factors On Top Level Strategic Decision-Making: Evidence From The Mexican Steel Industry," Global Journal of Business Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, volume 12, issue 2, pages 37-51.
• Omar Ernesto Teran Varela & Enrique Espinosa Ayala & Pedro Abel Hernandez Garcia & Carolina Jazmin Martinez Ponce, 2018, "Public Policy For Financing Of Msmes In The South-East Zone Of The State Of Mexico Politica Publica Dirigida Al Financiamiento De Las Mipymes En La Zona Sur Oriente Del Estado De Mexico," Revista Global de Negocios, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, volume 6, issue 2, pages 63-73.
• Jose Luis Hugo Diaz Biffano & Jose Cruz Morales Carpinteyro & Silvestre Fernandez Ruiz, 2018, "Characteristics Of Micro Companies Incorporated As Corporations In Puebla Mexico Caracteristicas De Las Micro Empresas Constituidas Como Sociedades Anonimas En Puebla, Mexico," Revista Internacional Administracion & Finanzas, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, volume 11, issue 4, pages 39-52.
• Frisancho, Verónica, 2018, "The Impact of School-Based Financial Education on High School Students and their Teachers: Experimental Evidence from Peru," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 8835, Mar, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001056.
• Bosch, Mariano & Caballero, Gustavo & Cofré, Fabián & González, Stephanie & Keller, Lukas & Silva Porto, María Teresa, 2018, "Educación financiera y previsional a través del taller Ahorra desde Ahora: Evidencia de una evaluación de impacto en Chile," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 9724, Oct, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001794.
• Muhammad Abdul Mannan, 2018, "Linking Islamic Commercial And Social Finance With Special Reference To Cash-Waqf As New Strategy Of Interest-Free Micro-Credit For Family Empowerment Of The Poor Towards Establishing World Social Bank: A Case Study Approach," Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, Bank Indonesia, volume 3, issue Special I, pages 1-24, May, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v3i0..
• Laily Dwi Arsyianti & Salina Kassim & Adewale Abideen Adeyemi, 2018, "Debt Taking And Charity-Giving Among Low-Income Households: Strengthening Resilience In Islamic Perspective," Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, Bank Indonesia, volume 4, issue 1, pages 1-22, August, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i1..
• Sherifah Oshioke Musa & Marhanum Che Mohd Salleh, 2018, "Proposing A Model For Entrepreneurship Development: The Role Of Entrepreneurs’ Cash Waqf Intention," Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, Bank Indonesia, volume 4, issue 1, pages 183-204, August, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i1..
• Hamish Low & Costas Meghir & Luigi Pistaferri & Alessandra Voena, 2018, "Marriage, labour supply and the dynamics of the social safety net," IFS Working Papers, Institute for Fiscal Studies, number W18/05, Feb.
• Cormac O'Dea & David Sturrock, 2018, "Subjective expectations of survival and economic behaviour," IFS Working Papers, Institute for Fiscal Studies, number W18/14, Apr.
• Orazio Attanasio & Costas Meghir & Corina Mommaerts, 2018, "Insurance in extended family networks," IFS Working Papers, Institute for Fiscal Studies, number W18/17, Jul.
• Aram Balagyozyan & Christos Giannikos, 2018, "Ambiguity and the Excess Consumption Growth Puzzle," International Journal of Business and Economics, School of Management Development, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, volume 17, issue 1, pages 5-15, June.
• Andreas Fagereng & Luigi Guiso & Mr. Davide Malacrino & Luigi Pistaferri, 2018, "Heterogeneity and Persistence in Returns to Wealth," IMF Working Papers, International Monetary Fund, number 2018/171, Jul.
• Benjamin Volland, 2018, "Après nous le déluge? Perceived distance of climate change impacts and pro-environmental behaviour," IRENE Working Papers, IRENE Institute of Economic Research, number 18-05, Jul.
• Serhiy Kandul & Bruno Lanz, 2018, "Public good provision, in-group cooperation and out-group descriptive norms: A lab experiment," IRENE Working Papers, IRENE Institute of Economic Research, number 18-06, Sep.
• THELOUDIS Alexandros, 2018, "Wages and Family Time Allocation," LISER Working Paper Series, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), number 2018-06, Feb.
• Uschi Backes-Gellner & Holger Herz & Michael Kosfeld & Yvonne Oswald, 2018, "Do Preferences and Biases predict Life Outcomes? Evidence from Education and Labor Market Entry Decisions," Economics of Education Working Paper Series, University of Zurich, Department of Business Administration (IBW), number 0144, Jan, revised Mar 2021.
• Katharina Jaik & Stefan C. Wolter, 2018, "From Dreams to Reality: Market Forces and Changes from Occupational Intention to Occupational Choice," Economics of Education Working Paper Series, University of Zurich, Department of Business Administration (IBW), number 0149, May, revised Oct 2018.
• Andersen, Torben M. & Bhattacharya, Joydeep & Gestsson, Marias H., 2018, "Pareto-improving transition to fully funded pensions under myopia," ISU General Staff Papers, Iowa State University, Department of Economics, number 201811010700001066, Nov.
• Andersen, Torben M. & Bhattacharya, Joydeep, 2018, "Intergenerational Debt Dynamics Without Tears," ISU General Staff Papers, Iowa State University, Department of Economics, number 201812030800001067, Dec.
• Andreas Fagereng & Martin B. Holm & Gisle J. Natvik, 2018, "MPC heterogeneity and household balance sheets," Working Papers, Department of the Treasury, Ministry of the Economy and of Finance, number 4, Oct.
• Gian Luigi Albano & Angela Cipollone & Roberto Di Paolo & Giovanni Ponti & Marco Sparro, 2018, "Scoring Rules in Experimental Procurement," Working Papers. Serie AD, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie), number 2018-02, Feb.
• Bover, Olympia & Hospido, Laura & Villanueva, Ernesto, 2018, "The Impact of High School Financial Education on Financial Knowledge and Choices: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Spain," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11265, Jan.
• Backes-Gellner, Uschi & Herz, Holger & Kosfeld, Michael & Oswald, Yvonne, 2018, "Do Preferences and Biases Predict Life Outcomes? Evidence from Education and Labor Market Entry Decisions," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11288, Jan.
• Antoci, Angelo & Bonelli, Laura & Paglieri, Fabio & Reggiani, Tommaso G. & Sabatini, Fabio, 2018, "Civility and Trust in Social Media," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11290, Jan.
• Fletcher, Jason M., 2018, "Crushing Hope: Short Term Responses to Tragedy Vary by Hopefulness," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11291, Jan.
• Fe, Eduardo & Gill, David, 2018, "Cognitive Skills and the Development of Strategic Sophistication," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11326, Feb.
• Essl, Andrea & von Bieberstein, Frauke & Kosfeld, Michael & Kröll, Markus, 2018, "Sales Performance and Social Preferences," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11505, Apr.
• Hayen, Arthur P. & Klein, Tobias J. & Salm, Martin, 2018, "Does the Framing of Patient Cost-Sharing Incentives Matter? The Effects of Deductibles vs. No-Claim Refunds," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11508, Apr.
• Butler, David & Cheung, Stephen L., 2018, "Mind, Body, Bubble! Psychological and Biophysical Dimensions of Behavior in Experimental Asset Markets," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11563, May.
• Chen, Si & Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah, 2018, "Looking at the Bright Side: The Motivation Value of Overconfidence," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11564, May.
• Dohmen, Thomas & Quercia, Simone & Willrodt, Jana, 2018, "Willingness to Take Risk: The Role of Risk Conception and Optimism," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11642, Jun.
• Benabou, Roland & Falk, Armin & Tirole, Jean, 2018, "Narratives, Imperatives, and Moral Reasoning," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11665, Jul.
• Giulietti, Corrado & Tonin, Mirco & Vlassopoulos, Michael, 2018, "When the Market Drives You Crazy: Stock Market Returns and Fatal Car Accidents," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11720, Aug.
• Shah Goda, Gopi & Levy, Matthew R. & Flaherty Manchester, Colleen & Sojourner, Aaron & Tasoff, Joshua, 2018, "Predicting Retirement Savings Using Survey Measures of Exponential-Growth Bias and Present Bias," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11762, Aug.
• Grewenig, Elisabeth & Lergetporer, Philipp & Simon, Lisa & Werner, Katharina & Woessmann, Ludger, 2018, "Can Online Surveys Represent the Entire Population?," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11799, Sep.
• Bhalotra, Sonia R. & Clots-Figueras, Irma & Iyer, Lakshmi & Vecci, Joseph, 2018, "Leader Identity and Coordination," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11803, Sep.
• Galor, Oded & Savitskiy, Viacheslav, 2018, "Climatic Roots of Loss Aversion," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11816, Sep.
• Buchholtz, Sonia & Gaska, Jan & Góra, Marek, 2018, "Pension Strategies of Workers in a Country Getting Old before Getting Rich," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11830, Sep.
• Geraci, Andrea & Nardotto, Mattia & Reggiani, Tommaso G. & Sabatini, Fabio, 2018, "Broadband Internet and Social Capital," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11855, Sep.
• Del Carpio, Lucía & Guadalupe, Maria, 2018, "More Women in Tech? Evidence from a Field Experiment Addressing Social Identity," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11876, Oct.
• Jetter, Michael & Walker, Jay K., 2018, "The Effect of Media Coverage on Mass Shootings," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11900, Oct.
• Kettlewell, Nathan & Rijsdijk, Fruhling & Siribaddana, Sisira & Sumathipala, Athula & Tymula, Agnieszka & Zavos, Helena & Glozier, Nicholas, 2018, "Civil War, Natural Disaster and Risk Preferences: Evidence from Sri Lankan Twins," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11901, Oct.
• Bartling, Björn & Fehr, Ernst & Huffman, David B. & Netzer, Nick, 2018, "The Causal Effect of Trust," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11917, Oct.
• Bauer, Michal & Cahlíková, Jana & Celik Katreniak, Dagmara & Chytilová, Julie & Cingl, Lubomir & Želinský, Tomáš, 2018, "Anti-Social Behavior in Groups," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11944, Nov.
• Fischer, Mira & Wagner, Valentin, 2018, "Effects of Timing and Reference Frame of Feedback: Evidence from a Field Experiment," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11970, Nov.
• de Blasio, Guido & De Paola, Maria & Poy, Samuele & Scoppa, Vincenzo, 2018, "Risk Aversion and Entrepreneurship: New Evidence Exploiting Exposure to Massive Earthquakes in Italy," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 12057, Dec.
• Saucet, Charlotte & Villeval, Marie Claire, 2018, "Motivated Memory in Dictator Games," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 12058, Dec.
• Falk, Armin & Hermle, Johannes, 2018, "Relationship of Gender Differences in Preferences to Economic Development and Gender Equality," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 12059, Dec.
• Mira Fischer & Valentin Wagner, 2018, "Effects of Timing and Reference Frame of Feedback: Evidence from a Field Experiment," Working Papers, Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, number 1820, Nov.
• Christian Bayer & Alan Rendall & Klaus Wälde, 2018, "The Invariant Distribution of Wealth and Employment Status in a Small Open Economy with Precautionary Savings," Working Papers, Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, number 1822, Nov.
• Viktor Bozhinov & Nora Grote, 2019, "Performance under Pressure on the Court: Evidence from Professional Volleyball," Working Papers, Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, number 1901, Jan.
• Fernandez, Marcelo Ariel, 2018, "Deferred acceptance and regret-free truth-telling," Economics Working Paper Archive, The Johns Hopkins University,Department of Economics, number 65832, Jun, revised 31 Jul 2020.
• Gröbel Sören & Ihle Dorothee, 2018, "Saving Behavior and Housing Wealth Evidence from German Micro Data," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, volume 238, issue 6, pages 501-539, October, DOI: 10.1515/jbnst-2017-0118.
• Gröbel Sören & Ihle Dorothee, 2018, "Saving Behavior and Housing Wealth Evidence from German Micro Data," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, volume 238, issue 6, pages 501-539, October, DOI: 10.1515/jbnst-2017-0118.
• Gröbel Sören & Ihle Dorothee, 2018, "Saving Behavior and Housing Wealth Evidence from German Micro Data," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, volume 238, issue 6, pages 501-539, October, DOI: 10.1515/jbnst-2017-0118.
• Michael Fritsch & Alina Sorgner & Michael Wyrwich, 2018, "Self-Employment and Well-Being Across Institutional Contexts," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2018-005, Mar.
• Michael Fritsch & Alina Sorgner & Michael Wyrwich, 2018, "Entrepreneurship and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Age," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2018-012, Sep.
• Septi Utami Anugrah & Harmein Nasution & Nazaruddin, 2018, "The Influencing Factors Of Turnover On Nurses In Private Hospitals In Binjai City, Indonesia," Junior Scientific Researcher, SC Research Publishing SRL, volume 4, issue 2, pages 49-66, November.
• Sugito & Arlina Nurbaity Lubis & Endang Sulistya Rini & Yeni Absah, 2018, "Influence Of Reference Group Indicators To The Image Of Modern Retail (Case In Indonesia)," Junior Scientific Researcher, SC Research Publishing SRL, volume 4, issue 2, pages 67-79, November.
• Andrew C. Johnston & Alexandre Mas, 2018, "Potential Unemployment Insurance Duration and Labor Supply: The Individual and Market-Level Response to a Benefit Cut," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, volume 126, issue 6, pages 2480-2522, DOI: 10.1086/699973.
• Isabela Echeverry Peñón & Santiago Reyes Ortega, 2018, "The endowment effect on entrepreneurs: A risky attachment," Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, volume 45, issue 2, pages 231-249, December.
• Jeffrey E. Harris & Mariana Gerstenblüth & Patricia Triunfo, 2018, "Smokers’ Rational Lexicographic Preferences for Cigarette Package Warnings: A Discrete Choice Experiment with Eye Tracking," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers), Department of Economics - dECON, number 0218, Sep.
• Mark T. Le Quement & Amrish Patel, 2018, "Communication as Gift-Exchange," University of East Anglia School of Economics Working Paper Series, School of Economics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK., number 2018-06, Jan.
• Hazel Bateman & Ralph Stevens & Jennifer Alonso Garcia & Eduard Ponds, 2018, "Learning to Value Annuities: The Role of Information and Engagement," ULB Institutional Repository, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 2013/300030, Dec.
• Geraldine Bocquého & Marc Deschamps & Jenny Helstroffer & Julien Jacob & Majlinda Joxhe, 2018, "Risk and Refugee Migration," Working Papers of BETA, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg, number 2018-16.
• Joseph Kissan & Oksana Loginova, 2018, "Clipping Coupons: Redemption of Offers with Forward-Looking Consumers," Working Papers, Department of Economics, University of Missouri, number 1810, Jun.
• Non, Arjan, 2018, "Training participation and the role of reciprocal attitudes," Research Memorandum, Maastricht University, Graduate School of Business and Economics (GSBE), number 024, Nov, DOI: 10.26481/umagsb.2018024.
• Fouarge, Didier & Özer, Merve Nezihe & Seegers, Philipp, 2018, "Personality traits, migration intentions, and cultural distance," Research Memorandum, Maastricht University, Graduate School of Business and Economics (GSBE), number 028, Dec, DOI: 10.26481/umagsb.2018028.
• Non, Arjan, 2018, "Training participation and the role of reciprocal attitudes," ROA Research Memorandum, Maastricht University, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA), number 005, Jan, DOI: 10.26481/umaror.2018005.
• Fouarge, Didier & Özer, Merve Nezihe & Seegers, Philipp, 2018, "Personality traits, migration intentions, and cultural distance," ROA Research Memorandum, Maastricht University, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA), number 007, Jan, DOI: 10.26481/umaror.2018007.
• José G. Vargas Hernández, 2018, "Integración de la economía con la psicología: Richard H. Thaler, premio novel de economía 2017
  [Integration of the economy with psicology: Richard H. Thaler, nobel prize of economy 2017]," Estudios Economicos, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Departamento de Economia, volume 35, issue 71, pages 101-113, july-dece.
• Riccardo De Bonis, 2018, "A friendship that changed our minds’ by Michael Lewis," Argomenti, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Economics, Society & Politics, volume 11, issue 11, pages 1-9, September, DOI: 10.14276/1971-8357.1801.
• Epper, Thomas & Fehr-Duda, Helga, 2018, "The Missing Link: Unifying Risk Taking and Time Discounting," Economics Working Paper Series, University of St. Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, number 1812, Nov.
• Martina Manfre' & Viola Angelini, 2018, "Does The Financial Situation affect Cheating Behavior? An Investigation through Financial Literacy," Working Papers, University of Verona, Department of Economics, number 06/2018, Jul.
• Marco LiCalzi & Roland Muhlenbernd, 2018, "Categorization and cooperation across games," Working Papers, Venice School of Management - Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, number 14, Nov.
• Vijayabanu Chidambaram & Arunkumar Sivakumar, 2018, "Strengthening the Team Performance through Personality and Emotional Intelligence: Smart PLS Approach," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, Sciendo, volume 65, issue 3, pages 303-316, September, DOI: 10.2478/saeb-2018-0019.
• Brzozowicz Magdalena, 2018, "Hypothetical bias and framing effect in the valuation of private consumer goods," Central European Economic Journal, Sciendo, volume 5, issue 52, pages 260-269, January, DOI: 10.1515/ceej-2018-0024.
• Dragin Aleksandra & Lazarević Aleksandra & Mijatov Maja, 2018, "The Position of Tourist Escorts in Serbia," Economic Themes, Sciendo, volume 56, issue 2, pages 203-220, June, DOI: 10.2478/ethemes-2018-0012.
• Rybak Anna, 2018, "Consumer Trust in E-Commerce: The Case of Poland," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, volume 18, issue 2, pages 59-71, December, DOI: 10.2478/foli-2018-0019.
• Grigorescu Adriana, 2018, "Public Services between the Citizen’s Need and the Possibilities of the Administration," HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, Sciendo, volume 9, issue 2, pages 23-34, August, DOI: 10.2478/hjbpa-2018-0010.
• Białaszek Wojciech & Ostaszewski Franciszek & Zielonka Piotr, 2018, "A Discrepancy Between “What Should You Choose?” and “What Do You Choose?” in Intertemporal and Risky Decision-Making," Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, Sciendo, volume 26, issue 4, pages 2-10, December, DOI: 10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.239.
• Farmer Karl & Kuplen Stefan, 2018, "Involuntary Unemployment in a Neoclassical Growth Model with Public Debt and Human Capital," Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Oeconomica, Sciendo, volume 63, issue 2, pages 3-34, August, DOI: 10.2478/subboec-2018-0006.
• Avram Laura-Augustina, 2018, "Gender Differences and Other Findings on the Cognitive Reflection Test," Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Oeconomica, Sciendo, volume 63, issue 3, pages 56-67, December, DOI: 10.2478/subboec-2018-0014.
• Michał Wiktor Krawczyk & Joanna Rachubik, 2018, "Verifying the representativeness heuristic: A field experiment with real-life lottery tickets," Working Papers, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, number 2018-03.
• Anna Kukla-Gryz & Peter Szewczyk & Katarzyna Zagórska, 2018, "Do cultural differences affect voluntary payment decisions? Evidence from guided tours," Working Papers, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, number 2018-06.
• Michela Faccioli & Mikołaj Czajkowski & Klaus Glenk & Julia Martin-Ortega, 2018, "Environmental attitudes and place identity as simultaneous determinants of preferences for environmental goods," Working Papers, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, number 2018-08.
• Mikołaj Czajkowski & Katarzyna Zagórska & Nick Hanley, 2018, "Social norms and pro-environment behaviours: heterogeneous response to signals," Working Papers, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, number 2018-13.
• Magdalena Brzozowicz, 2018, "Hypothetical bias and framing effect in the valuation of private consumer goods," Working Papers, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, number 2018-23.
• Marcelo Arbex & Justin M. Carre & Shawn N. Geniole & Enlinson Mattos, 2018, "Testosterone, personality traits and tax evasion," Working Papers, University of Windsor, Department of Economics, number 1801, Jan.
• Xavier Giné & Jessica Goldberg & Dan Silverman & Dean Yang, 2018, "Revising Commitments: Field Evidence on the Adjustment of Prior Choices," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, volume 128, issue 608, pages 159-188, February, DOI: 10.1111/ecoj.12378.
• Charles Yuji Horioka & Emin Gahramanov & Aziz Hayat & Xueli Tang, 2018, "Why Do Children Take Care Of Their Elderly Parents? Are The Japanese Any Different?," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, volume 59, issue 1, pages 113-136, February, DOI: 10.1111/iere.12264.
• Sam Schulhofer‐Wohl, 2018, "The age‐time‐cohort problem and the identification of structural parameters in life‐cycle models," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, volume 9, issue 2, pages 643-658, July, DOI: 10.3982/QE738.
• Marc K. Chan & Kai Liu, 2018, "Life‐cycle and intergenerational effects of child care reforms," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, volume 9, issue 2, pages 659-706, July, DOI: 10.3982/QE617.
• Thomas Hintermaier & Winfried Koeniger, 2018, "Household debt and crises of confidence," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, volume 9, issue 3, pages 1489-1542, November, DOI: 10.3982/QE769.
• Ronayne, David & Sgroi, Daniel, 2018, "When Good Advice is Ignored: The Role of Envy and Stubbornness," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS), University of Warwick, Department of Economics, number 1150.
• Liberini, Federica & Redoano, Michela & Russo, Antonio & Cuevas, Angel & Cuevas, Ruben, 2018, "Politics in the Facebook Era Evidence from the 2016 US Presidential Elections," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS), University of Warwick, Department of Economics, number 1181.
• Ronayne, David & Sgroi, Daniel, 2018, "When Good Advice is Ignored : The Role of Envy and Stubbornness," CRETA Online Discussion Paper Series, Centre for Research in Economic Theory and its Applications CRETA, number 38.
• Robertson, Matthew J., 2018, "Wrongful Conviction, Persuasion and Loss Aversion," CRETA Online Discussion Paper Series, Centre for Research in Economic Theory and its Applications CRETA, number 48.
• Sebastian Rausch & Hidemichi Yonezawa, 2018, "The Intergenerational Incidence Of Green Tax Reform," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., volume 9, issue 01, pages 1-25, February, DOI: 10.1142/S2010007818400079.
• Yun Wang & Hu Sun, 2018, "Lookers-on See Most of the Game: Decision-making for Others versus for Oneself in a Labor Market Experiment," Working Papers, Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics (WISE), Xiamen University, number 2018-11-03, Nov.
• Subhasish M. Chowdhury & Chulyoung Kim & Sang-Hyun Kim, 2018, "Pre-planning and the Continuation of Dishonest Behavior: An Experiment," Working papers, Yonsei University, Yonsei Economics Research Institute, number 2018rwp-133, Oct.
• Jones, A.M.; & Rice, N.; & Robone, S.;, 2018, "The effect of health shocks on financial risk preferences differs by personality traits," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York, number 18/07, Mar.
• Ivana Ilijašić Veršić, 2018, "Organisational Decision-Making and Academic Institutions: Increasing Complexity of Processes, Settings and Actors," Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, volume 21, issue 1, pages 37-46, May, DOI: 10.2478/zireb-2018-0003.
• Blaufus, Kay & Milde, Michael, 2018, "Learning to save tax-efficiently: Tax misperceptions and the effect of informational tax nudges on retirement savings," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre, number 225.
• Strulik, Holger & Trimborn, Timo, 2018, "Hyperbolic discounting can be good for your health," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, number 335.
• Strulik, Holger, 2018, "An economic heory of depression and its impact on health behavior and longevity," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, number 337.
• Schünemann, Johannes & Strulik, Holger & Trimborn, Timo, 2018, "The marriage gap: Optimal aging and death in partnerships," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, number 339.
• Strulik, Holger, 2019, "From pain patient to junkie: An economic theory of painkiller consumption and its impact on wellbeing and longevity," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, number 359, revised 2019.
• Strulik, Holger, 2018, "I shouldn't eat this donut: Self-control, body weight, and health in a life cycle model," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, number 360.
• Horneff, Vanya & Maurer, Raimond & Mitchell, Olivia S., 2018, "Putting the pension back in 401(k) retirement plans: Optimal versus default longevity income annuities," CFS Working Paper Series, Center for Financial Studies (CFS), number 607.
• Kellermann, Kim Leonie & Winter, Simon, 2018, "Immigration and anti-immigrant sentiments: Evidence from the 2017 German parliamentary election," CIW Discussion Papers, University of Münster, Center for Interdisciplinary Economics (CIW), number 5/2018.
• Chen, Si & Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah, 2018, "Looking at the bright side: The motivation value of overconfidence," DICE Discussion Papers, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), number 291.
• Dertwinkel-Kalt, Markus & Köster, Mats & Peiseler, Florian, 2018, "Attention-driven demand for bonus contracts," DICE Discussion Papers, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), number 304.
• Opiła, Janusz, 2018, "Visualization in a Knowledge Transfer Process," Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference (2018), Split, Croatia, IRENET - Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, Zagreb, "Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference, Split, Croatia, 6-8 September 2018".
• Adena, Maja, 2018, "Nudging und soziales Engagement: wie kann Nudging dazu beitragen, die Spendenbereitschaft zu erhöhen?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, volume 87, issue 2, pages 139-152, DOI: 10.3790/vjh.87.2.139.
• Vasilev, Aleksandar, 2018, "Progressive taxation and (in)stability in an exogenous growth model with Epstein-Zin recursive preferences," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 182578.
• Hagen, Johannes & Hallberg, Daniel & Sjögren Lindquist, Gabriella, 2018, "A nudge to quit? The effect of a change in pension information on annuitization, labor supply and retirement choices among older workers," GLO Discussion Paper Series, Global Labor Organization (GLO), number 209.
• Giulietti, Corrado & Tonin, Mirco & Vlassopoulos, Michael, 2018, "When the market drives you crazy: Stock market returns and fatal car accidents," GLO Discussion Paper Series, Global Labor Organization (GLO), number 236.
• Hänsel, Martin C. & Quaas, Martin F., 2018, "Intertemporal Distribution, Suffciency, and the Social Cost of Carbon," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 233103.
• Bartke, Simon & Gelhaar, Felix, 2018, "When does team remuneration work? An experimental study on interactions between workplace contexts," Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 2105.
• Friehe, Tim & Rössler, Christoph & Dong, Xiaoge, 2018, "Liability for third-party harm when harm-inflicting consumers are present biased," ILE Working Paper Series, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics, number 20.
• Mavropoulos, Antonios & Xiong, Qizhou, 2019, "Housing consumption and macroprudential policies in Europe: An ex ante evaluation," IWH Discussion Papers, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), number 17/2018, revised 2019.
• Colonnello, Stefano & Sondershaus, Talina, 2018, "Moral und Aktienerträge: Die Rolle von Dividenden und ethischen Bedenken bei der Bewertung von "Sin Stocks"," Wirtschaft im Wandel, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), volume 24, issue 3, pages 40-43.
• Heldman, Christina & Enste, Dominik, 2018, "Trust and privacy: How trust affects individuals' willingness to disclose personal information," IW-Reports, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) / German Economic Institute, number 19/2018.
• D'Acunto, Francesco & Hoang, Daniel & Weber, Michael, 2018, "Unconventional fiscal policy," Working Paper Series in Economics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management, number 114, DOI: 10.5445/IR/1000079885.
• Serra-Garcia, Marta & Szech, Nora, 2018, "The (in)elasticity of moral ignorance," Working Paper Series in Economics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management, number 120, DOI: 10.5445/IR/1000089263.
• Roos, Michael W. M., 2018, "Values, attitudes and economic behavior," Ruhr Economic Papers, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, number 777, DOI: 10.4419/86788905.
• Colonnello, Stefano & Curatola, Giuliano & Gioffré, Alessandro, 2018, "Pricing sin stocks: Ethical preference vs. risk aversion," SAFE Working Paper Series, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, number 216, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3206538.
• Börsch-Supan, Axel & Härtl, Klaus & Leite, Duarte & Ludwig, Alexander, 2018, "Endogenous retirement behavior of heterogeneous households under pension reforms," SAFE Working Paper Series, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, number 221, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3235142.
• Harenberg, Daniel, 2018, "Asset pricing in OLG economies with borrowing constraints and idiosyncratic income risk," SAFE Working Paper Series, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, number 229, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3252443.
• Wälde, Klaus & Scheuer, Niklas, 2018, "Stress and Coping: An Economic Approach," VfS Annual Conference 2018 (Freiburg, Breisgau): Digital Economy, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 181509.
• Irmen, Andreas, 2018, "Technological Progress, the Supply of Hours Worked, and the Consumption-Leisure Complementarity," VfS Annual Conference 2018 (Freiburg, Breisgau): Digital Economy, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 181551.
• Gesche, Tobias, 2018, "Reference Price Shifts and Customer Antagonism: Evidence from Reviews for Online Auctions," VfS Annual Conference 2018 (Freiburg, Breisgau): Digital Economy, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 181650.
• Engelmann, Dirk & Friedrichsen, Jana & Kübler, Dorothea, 2018, "Fairness in markets and market experiments," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Market Behavior, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, number SP II 2018-203.
• Fischer, Mira & Wagner, Valentin, 2018, "Effects of timing and reference frame of feedback: Evidence from a field experiment," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Market Behavior, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, number SP II 2018-206.
• Muller, Paul & Habla, Wolfgang, 2018, "Experimental and non-experimental evidence on limited attention and present bias at the gym," ZEW Discussion Papers, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, number 18-041.
• Maja Malec, 2018, "Considerations on Scientific Thought Experiments," Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems - scientific journal, Croatian Interdisciplinary Society Provider Homepage: http://indecs.eu, volume 16, issue 4, pages 558-566.
• Toma Strle, 2018, "Looping Minds: How Cognitive Science Exerts Influence on Its Findings," Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems - scientific journal, Croatian Interdisciplinary Society Provider Homepage: http://indecs.eu, volume 16, issue 4, pages 533-544.
• Tine Kolenik, 2018, "Seeking after the Glitter of Intelligence in the Base Metal of Computing: The Scope and Limits of Computational Models in Researching Cognitive Phenomena," Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems - scientific journal, Croatian Interdisciplinary Society Provider Homepage: http://indecs.eu, volume 16, issue 4, pages 545-557.
• Peter Lukan, 2018, "Probability and Metaphysics," Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems - scientific journal, Croatian Interdisciplinary Society Provider Homepage: http://indecs.eu, volume 16, issue 4, pages 567-578.
• Carlos Alós-Ferrer & Johannes Buckenmaier, 2018, "Cognitive sophistication and deliberation times," ECON - Working Papers, Department of Economics - University of Zurich, number 292, Jul, revised Apr 2019.
• Björn Bartling & Ernst Fehr & David Huffman & Nick Netzer, 2018, "The causal effect of trust," ECON - Working Papers, Department of Economics - University of Zurich, number 304, Oct.
• Olivier Gossner & Jakub Steiner & Colin Stewart, 2018, "Attention please!," ECON - Working Papers, Department of Economics - University of Zurich, number 308, Nov.

2017

• Annamaria Lusardi & Pierre-Carl Michaud & Olivia S. Mitchell, 2017, "Optimal Financial Knowledge and Wealth Inequality," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, volume 125, issue 2, pages 431-477, DOI: 10.1086/690950.
• Cameron A. Belton, 2017, "Attention and novelty: An experimental investigation of order effects in multiple valuation tasks," Working Paper series, University of East Anglia, Centre for Behavioural and Experimental Social Science (CBESS), School of Economics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK., number 17-06, Jul.
• Giuseppe Attanasi & Stefania Bortolotti & Simona Cicognani & Antonio Filippin, 2017, "The drunk side of trust: Social capital generation at gathering events," Working Papers of BETA, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg, number 2017-21.
• Le Cotty, T. & Maître d’Hôtel, E. & Soubeyran, R. & Subervie, J., 2017, "Linking risk aversion, time preference and fertilizer use in Burkina Faso," Working Papers MoISA, UMR MoISA : Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (social and nutritional sciences): CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, L'Institut Agro, Montpellier SupAgro, IRD - Montpellier, France, number 201701.
• Bütler, Monika & Ramsden, Alma, 2017, "How taxes impact the choice between an annuity and the lump sum at retirement," Economics Working Paper Series, University of St. Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, number 1701, Jan.
• Epper, Thomas & Fehr-Duda, Helga, 2017, "A Tale of Two Tails: On the Coexistence of Overweighting and Underweighting of Rare Extreme Events," Economics Working Paper Series, University of St. Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, number 1705, Apr.
• Luca Corrazzini & Stefano Galavotti & Paola Valbonesi, 2017, "An Experimental Study on Sequential Auctions with Privately Known Capacities," Working Papers, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari", number 2017:30.
• Alessandro Bucciol & Luca Zarri, 2017, "The Lasting Legacy of Traumatic Events on Life Satisfaction," Working Papers, University of Verona, Department of Economics, number 13/2017, Jul.
• Alessandro Bucciol & Alessio Hu & Luca Zarri, 2017, "The Effects of Prior Shocks on Managerial Risk Taking: Evidence from Italian Professional Soccer," Working Papers, University of Verona, Department of Economics, number 17/2017, Nov.
• Shigeharu Okajima & Yukihiko Funaki & Hiroko Okajima & Nobuyuki Uto, 2017, "Can group giving boost contribution? Effects of different subsidy schemes in a laboratory experiment," Working Papers, Waseda University, Faculty of Political Science and Economics, number 1715, Sep.
• Magdalena Brzozowicz & Michał Krawczyk & Przemysław Kusztelak, 2017, "Do anchors hold for real? Anchoring effect and hypothetical bias in declared WTP," Working Papers, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, number 2017-24.
• Abel,Simon Martin & Burger,Rulof Petrus & Carranza,Eliana & Piraino,Patrizio, 2017, "Bridging the intention-behavior gap ? the effect of plan-making prompts on job search and employment," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 8181, Sep.
• Marcelo Arbex & Enlinson Mattos, 2017, "Optimal Paternalistic Health and Human Capital Policies," Working Papers, University of Windsor, Department of Economics, number 1709, Sep.
• Manuel Arellano & Richard Blundell & Stéphane Bonhomme, 2017, "Earnings and Consumption Dynamics: A Nonlinear Panel Data Framework," Econometrica, Econometric Society, volume 85, issue , pages 693-734, May.
• Andreas Irmen, 2017, "Capital‐ And Labor‐Saving Technical Change In An Aging Economy," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, volume 58, issue 1, pages 261-285, February, DOI: 10.1111/iere.12216.
• Svetlana Pashchenko & Ponpoje Porapakkarm, 2017, "Work Incentives Of Medicaid Beneficiaries And The Role Of Asset Testing," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, volume 58, issue 4, pages 1117-1154, November, DOI: 10.1111/iere.12247.
• Christopher Carroll & Jiri Slacalek & Kiichi Tokuoka & Matthew N. White, 2017, "The distribution of wealth and the marginal propensity to consume," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, volume 8, issue 3, pages 977-1020, November.
• Proto, Eugenio & Sgroi, Daniel & Nazneen, Mahnaz, 2017, "The Effect of Positive Mood on Cooperation in Repeated Interaction," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS), University of Warwick, Department of Economics, number 1141.
• Annamaria Lusardi & Olivia S. Mitchell, 2017, "How Ordinary Consumers Make Complex Economic Decisions: Financial Literacy and Retirement Readiness," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., volume 7, issue 03, pages 1-31, September, DOI: 10.1142/S2010139217500082.
• Mehrmann, Annika & Sureth-Sloane, Caren, 2017, "Tax loss offset restrictions and biased perception of risky investments," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre, number 222.
• Ihle, Dorothee, 2017, "Quantile treatment effects of Riester participation on wealth," CAWM Discussion Papers, University of Münster, Münster Center for Economic Policy (MEP), number 96.
• Strulik, Holger, 2017, "Smoking kills: An economic theory of addiction, health deficit accumulation, and longevity," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, number 316.
• Goldstein, Joshua R. & Koulovatianos, Christos & Li, Jian & Schröder, Carsten, 2017, "Evaluating how child allowances and daycare subsidies affect fertility," CFS Working Paper Series, Center for Financial Studies (CFS), number 568.
• Fella, Giulio & Frache, Serafin & Koeniger, Winfried, 2017, "Buffer-stock saving and households' response to income shocks," CFS Working Paper Series, Center for Financial Studies (CFS), number 570.
• Apolte, Thomas, 2017, "I hope I die before I get old: The supply side of the market for suicide bombers," CIW Discussion Papers, University of Münster, Center for Interdisciplinary Economics (CIW), number 1/2017.
• Metzger, Christoph, 2017, "Intra-household allocation of non-mandatory retirement savings," FZG Discussion Papers, University of Freiburg, Research Center for Generational Contracts (FZG), number 64.
• Grimalda, Gianluca & Bartke, Simon & Bosworth, Steven & Friedl, Andreas & Lima de Miranda, Katharina & Ring, Patrick & Snower, Dennis J., 2017, "Exploiting behavioural insights to foster global cooperation," Economics Discussion Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 2017-101.
• Umer, Hamza, 2017, "Fairness-adjusted Laffer curve: Cross-country and cross-method experimental comparison," Economics Discussion Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 2017-102.
• Safi, Fatma & Ben Hassen, Lobna, 2017, "Private health expenditures and environmental quality," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy, volume 11, pages 1-24, DOI: 10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2017-.
• Schweisfurth, Tim & Zaggl, Michael A. & Schöttl, Claus P. & Raasch, Christina, 2017, "Hierarchical similarity biases in idea evaluation: A study in enterprise crowdfunding," Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 2095.
• Colonnello, Stefano & Curatola, Giuliano & Gioffré, Alessandro, 2017, "Pricing sin stocks: Ethical preference vs. risk aversion," IWH Discussion Papers, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), number 20/2017.
• Beznoska, Martin, 2017, "Vermögen der Selbstständigen: Mikrodatenanalyse mit dem Sozio-ökonomischen Panel für das Jahr 2012," IW-Reports, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) / German Economic Institute, number 20/2017.
• Kim, Jung Wook & Chae, Su Bok, 2017, "Anchoring Effect of the Prosecutor's Demand on Sentence: Evidence from Korean Sexual Crime Cases," KDI Journal of Economic Policy, Korea Development Institute (KDI), volume 39, issue 3, pages 1-18, DOI: 10.23895/kdijep.2017.39.3.1.
• Groneck, Max & Ludwig, Alexander & Zimper, Alexander, 2022, "Who saves more, the naive or the sophisticated agent?," SAFE Working Paper Series, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, number 169, revised 2022.
• Horneff, Vanya & Maurer, Raimond & Mitchell, Olivia S., 2017, "How persistent low expected returns alter optimal life cycle saving, investment, and retirement behavior," SAFE Working Paper Series, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, number 190, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3076397.
• Frankovic, Ivan, 2017, "The impact of climate change on health expenditures," ECON WPS - Working Papers in Economic Theory and Policy, TU Wien, Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Economics Research Unit, number 02/2017.
• Schünemann, Johannes & Strulik, Holger & Trimborn, Timo, 2017, "The marriage gap: Optimal aging and death in partnerships," ECON WPS - Working Papers in Economic Theory and Policy, TU Wien, Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Economics Research Unit, number 04/2017.
• Frankovic, Ivan & Kuhn, Michael & Wrzaczek, Stefan, 2017, "Medical progress, demand for health care, and economic performance," ECON WPS - Working Papers in Economic Theory and Policy, TU Wien, Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Economics Research Unit, number 08/2017.
• Müller, Julia, 2017, "Verzerrungen bei Personalbeurteilungen durch Führungskräfte
  [Biases in performance appraisals by managers]," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics, number 12/2017.
• Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, Alexia & Sanchez Romero, Miguel, 2017, "Redistributive effects of the US pension system among individuals with different life expectancy," VfS Annual Conference 2017 (Vienna): Alternative Structures for Money and Banking, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 168181.