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La tensión entre individualismo y desigualdad en el Chile actual

In: ¿Malestar en Chile? Informe Encuesta CEP 2016

Author

Listed:
  • Ricardo González

    (Centro de Estudios Públicos, Santiago)

  • Bernardo Mackenna

    (Instituo de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile)

  • Estéfano Rubio

    (Centro de Estudios Públicos, Santiago)

Abstract

Este capítulo trata sobre la desigualdad de ingresos que ha caído desde 1990. Apenas un 15 por ciento de los chilenos afirmaba en 2014 que había disminuido. Es más, la mayoría de los chilenos también percibe que el acceso a servicios de calidad es muy inequitativo. Ambas dimensiones de la desigualdad, ¿constituyen una crítica al modelo de soluciones privadas a los problemas públicos, vigente en Chile? Para responder la pregunta, este capítulo indaga en tres características claves de la sociedad chilena: (i) tener una disposición a aceptar diferencias de ingreso si ellas reflejan un premio al esfuerzo, (ii) otorgar un mayor rol por el sustento económico a las personas mismas —en desmedro del Estado—, y (iii) en creer que el esfuerzo —y no las circunstancias— es el principal determinante para progresar en la vida. En suma, las preferencias y creencias de los chilenos tienden a ser individualistas. Ya en 1990 se observaban las mismas actitudes individualistas de hoy, cuando la mayoría de los encuestados eran personas de generaciones previas a la irrupción de la dictadura. Si los valores y creencias de los individuos se forman durante el período de socialización y se estabilizan en la adultez temprana, entonces el predominio de la creencia del esfuerzo de 1990 no podría estar asociado a los cambios al modelo ocurridos desde 1973. Entonces, ¿existe un malestar con el actual modelo de soluciones privadas a problemas públicos? Los hallazgos de este capítulo sugieren que, pese a que se percibe que el acceso a servicios de calidad no es equitativo, no se observa una mayor inclinación por la igualdad de ingresos y a otorgarle más responsabilidad al Estado por el sustento económico de las personas, lo cual evidencia el fuerte carácter individualista de los chilenos. Más bien, el acceso desigual y la insatisfacción asociada a algunos servicios, estatales y privados, reflejan problemas específicos asociados a las diferentes prestaciones, que demandan una solución particular según cada caso. Igualmente, los resultados indican que el apoyo de los chilenos al financiamiento estatal de los servicios, en desmedro del actual escenario en el que su acceso está mediado por la capacidad de pago, es a lo sumo ambiguo. Entre la población conviven deseos por un mejor acceso a bienes y servicios, con creencias de raigambre individualista, que ponen los logros personales por sobre la redistribución estatal. Creemos que esta tensión requiere de especial atención por parte de los analistas y el público en general, en la medida en que en ella descansan los fundamentos de políticas públicas que respondan a los verdaderos intereses de la ciudadanía.

Suggested Citation

  • Ricardo González & Bernardo Mackenna & Estéfano Rubio, 2017. "La tensión entre individualismo y desigualdad en el Chile actual," Informes de Encuesta CEP, in: ¿Malestar en Chile? Informe Encuesta CEP 2016, edition 1, chapter 2, pages 79-107, Centro de Estudios Públicos.
  • Handle: RePEc:cpt:chapte:2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    JEL classification:

    • H10 - Public Economics - - Structure and Scope of Government - - - General
    • H40 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - General
    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General
    • P19 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Other

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