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Has the Race Penalty for Black Women Disappeared in the United States?

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  • Marlene Kim

Abstract

This paper finds that black women earn 7 percent less than similarly skilled white women because of their race. Even within the same occupational category, black women earn 3 percent less than similarly qualified white women. Black women receive lower pay primarily due to occupational segregation and because they are rewarded with lower earnings than white women for equivalent levels of education and other human capital characteristics.

Suggested Citation

  • Marlene Kim, 2002. "Has the Race Penalty for Black Women Disappeared in the United States?," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(2), pages 115-124.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:femeco:v:8:y:2002:i:2:p:115-124
    DOI: 10.1080/13545700210160997
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Oaxaca, Ronald, 1973. "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 14(3), pages 693-709, October.
    2. Neal, Derek A & Johnson, William R, 1996. "The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 104(5), pages 869-895, October.
    3. William A. Darity & Patrick L. Mason, 1998. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(2), pages 63-90, Spring.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Olga Alonso-Villar & Coral del Río, 2024. "Gender, Race, and Class in an Intersectional Framework: Occupations and Wages in the United States," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 40-69, January.
    2. Becky Pettit & Stephanie Ewert, 2009. "Employment gains and wage declines: The erosion of black women’s relative wages since 1980," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 46(3), pages 469-492, August.
    3. Olga Alonso-Villar & Coral Río, 2023. "Disentangling Occupational Sorting from Within-Occupation Disparities: Earnings Differences Among 12 Gender–Race/Ethnicity Groups in the U.S," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 42(3), pages 1-28, June.
    4. O. Alonso-Villar & C. Grad󸀍 & C. del R􈀍, 2013. "Occupational segregation of Hispanics in US metropolitan areas," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(30), pages 4298-4307, October.
    5. Erin E. George & Jessica Milli & Sophie Tripp, 2022. "Worse than a double whammy: The intersectional causes of wage inequality between women of colour and White men over time," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 36(3), pages 302-341, September.
    6. Olga Alonso-Villar & Coral del Río, 2024. "Gender, Race, and Class in an Intersectional Framework: Occupations and Wages in the United States," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 40-69, January.
    7. Olga Alonso-Villar & Coral del Río, 2021. "Privilege and Hindrance on the U.S. Earnings Distribution by Gender and Race/Ethnicity: The Role of Occupations in an Intersectional Framework with 12 Groups," Working Papers 2103, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Economía Aplicada.
    8. Olga Alonso-Villar & Coral Del Rio & Carlos Gradin, 2012. "The Extent of Occupational Segregation in the United States: Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender," Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(2), pages 179-212, April.
    9. Olga Alonso-Villar & Coral del Río & Carlos Gradín, 2010. "The extent of occupational segregation in the US: Differences by race, ethnicity, and gender," Working Papers 180, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.

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