IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/snbeco/v5y2025i4d10.1007_s43546-025-00808-9.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Nonlinear ARDL analysis of economic growth, nuclear energy, and innovation's asymmetric effects on Finland's load capacity factor

Author

Listed:
  • Irina Georgescu

    (Bucharest University of Economics)

  • Jani Kinnunen

    (Åbo Akademi University)

Abstract

Finland's energy system relies heavily on nuclear power, achieving one of the highest load capacity factors (LCF) globally. This study examines the long- and short-run dynamics between Finland's LCF and the economic variables—gross domestic product (GDP), nuclear power generation (NUK), and patent applications (PA)—using a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model for the period 1990–2022. The results indicate that positive changes in GDP significantly reduce LCF in the long run, while negative GDP changes have no substantial effect. Nuclear power generation shows strong asymmetric effects, with positive changes increasing LCF and negative changes causing substantial reductions. Patent applications exhibit nuanced impacts, with positive changes decreasing LCF and negative changes showing marginal positive effects. In the short run, GDP and NUK exhibit mixed asymmetric effects, while patent applications initially reduce LCF before contributing to delayed improvements. These findings emphasize the critical role of nuclear energy in maintaining operational efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Irina Georgescu & Jani Kinnunen, 2025. "Nonlinear ARDL analysis of economic growth, nuclear energy, and innovation's asymmetric effects on Finland's load capacity factor," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 5(4), pages 1-26, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:snbeco:v:5:y:2025:i:4:d:10.1007_s43546-025-00808-9
    DOI: 10.1007/s43546-025-00808-9
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43546-025-00808-9
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s43546-025-00808-9?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Helmut Lütkepohl & Fang Xu, 2012. "The role of the log transformation in forecasting economic variables," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 42(3), pages 619-638, June.
    2. Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
    3. Suyi Kim, 2020. "The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Industrial Structure, Renewable and Nuclear Energy, and Urbanization on Korean Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-14, February.
    4. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    5. Lin, Boqiang & Li, Xuehui, 2011. "The effect of carbon tax on per capita CO2 emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 5137-5146, September.
    6. Aurolipsa Das & Narayan Sethi, 2023. "Modelling the environmental pollution-institutional quality nexus in low- and middle-income countries: exploring the role of financial development and educational level," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 1492-1518, February.
    7. Mah, Jai S., 2000. "An empirical examination of the disaggregated import demand of Korea--the case of information technology products," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 237-244.
    8. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    9. Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Kaan Kutlay & Mehmet Altuntaş & Bakhtiyor Khodjiev & Ephraim Bonah Agyekum & Mokhtar Shouran & Mohamed Elgbaily & Salah Kamel, 2022. "A Roadmap toward Achieving Sustainable Environment: Evaluating the Impact of Technological Innovation and Globalization on Load Capacity Factor," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-16, March.
    10. McCombie, Charles & Jefferson, Michael, 2016. "Renewable and nuclear electricity: Comparison of environmental impacts," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 758-769.
    11. Pata, Ugur Korkut & Isik, Cem, 2021. "Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: A novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    12. Ugur Korkut Pata & Banu Tanriover, 2023. "Is the Load Capacity Curve Hypothesis Valid for the Top Ten Tourism Destinations?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Arshad, Sumera & Ali, Amjad, 2016. "Trade-off between Inflation, Interest and Unemployment Rate of Pakistan: Revisited," MPRA Paper 78101, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Amjad Ali & Muhammad Irfan Chani, 2013. "Disaggregated Import Demand Function: A Case Study of Pakistan," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 1(1), pages 1-14, January.
    3. Ali, Amjad & Ur Rehman, Hafeez, 2015. "Macroeconomic Instability and Its Impact on Gross Domestic Product: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan," MPRA Paper 71037, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Tuck Cheong Tang, 2008. "Money demand function for Southeast Asian countries," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 34(6), pages 476-496, January.
    5. Tang, Chor Foon, 2007. "The stability of money demand function in Japan: Evidence from rolling cointegration approach," MPRA Paper 19807, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Matchaya, Greenwell C., 2020. "Public spending on agriculture in Southern Africa: Sectoral and intra-sectoral impact and policy implications," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 42(6), pages 1228-1247.
    7. Muhammad Shahbaz & Ijaz Rehman & Nurul Mahdzan, 2014. "Linkages between income inequality, international remittances and economic growth in Pakistan," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 1511-1535, May.
    8. Bibhuti Ranjan Mishra & Asit Mohanty, 2017. "An Empirical Analysis of Aggregate Import Demand Function for India," Global Economy Journal (GEJ), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 17(4), pages 1-12, December.
    9. Soumen Rej & Barnali Nag & Md. Emran Hossain, 2022. "Can Renewable Energy and Export Help in Reducing Ecological Footprint of India? Empirical Evidence from Augmented ARDL Co-Integration and Dynamic ARDL Simulations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, November.
    10. Lee, Chien Chiang & Chang, Chun Ping, 2012. "The Demand for Money in China: A Reassessment Using the Bounds Testing Approach," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(1), pages 74-94, March.
    11. Morlai Bangura & Oluwakemi Ademisola & Olufemi Saibu, 2023. "Estimating Sierra Leone’s Aggregate Import Demand Function Under Binding Foreign Exchange," Applied Economics and Finance, Redfame publishing, vol. 10(1), pages 113127-1131, February.
    12. Tang, Tuck Cheong, 2003. "An empirical analysis of China's aggregate import demand function," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 142-163.
    13. María Gabriela CUEVA-JIMÉNEZ & Ronny CORREA-QUEZADA & Ana Belén TULCANAZA-PRIETO & Lucía CUEVA-RODRÍGUEZ, 2024. "Crecimiento Económico Y Gasto Militar En El Ecuador: Un Enfoque De Cointegración Y Causalidad, 1960-2019," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 24(1), pages 91-110.
    14. Amjad Ali & Ismail Senturk, 2019. "Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(3), pages 140-154, September.
    15. Abdul Jalil & Samia Manan & Sundus Saleemi, 2016. "Estimating the growth effects of services sector: a cointegration analysis for Pakistan," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 5(1), pages 1-14, December.
    16. Ghilous Azeddine & Ziat Adel, 2023. "Balance of Payments as a Monetary Phenomenon: An ARDL Bounds Test Method for Algeria," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 23(1), pages 64-86, June.
    17. Fukumoto, Mayumi, 2012. "Estimation of China's disaggregate import demand functions," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 434-444.
    18. Pourazarm, Elham & Cooray, Arusha, 2013. "Estimating and forecasting residential electricity demand in Iran," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 546-558.
    19. Ali, Amjad & Bibi, Chan, 2016. "Determinants of Social Progress and its Scenarios under the role of Macroeconomic Instability: Empirics from Pakistan," MPRA Paper 72920, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Ali, Amjad, 2022. "Determining Pakistan's Financial Dependency: The Role of Financial Globalization and Corruption," MPRA Paper 116097, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    NARDL; Nuclear energy; Patent applications; Load capacity factor;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:snbeco:v:5:y:2025:i:4:d:10.1007_s43546-025-00808-9. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.