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TOD-related features and station-level ridership: insights from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Author

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  • Alyas Widita

    (Monash University, Indonesia)

  • Ikaputra

    (Universitas Gadjah Mada
    Universitas Gadjah Mada)

  • Dyah T. Widyastuti

    (Universitas Gadjah Mada)

Abstract

This paper contributes to the extensive literature on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) by examining the association between TOD-related features and station-level ridership using the Commuter Rail Line system in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia, as a case study. We empirically test this hypothesized association through a series of statistical analyses, drawing from the Direct Ridership Model (DRM) literature. We incorporate indicators of station-level built environment as TOD-related features, along with socio-demographics and transit service characteristics as controls, to predict station-level ridership. Owing to the spatial dependency nature of the data, our results primarily focus on spatial regressions, suggesting that employment density and land-use entropy are consistent TOD-related features influencing station-level ridership. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy insights based on the findings, considering governmental initiatives in developing TOD policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Alyas Widita & Ikaputra & Dyah T. Widyastuti, 2025. "TOD-related features and station-level ridership: insights from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 505-527, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:pubtra:v:17:y:2025:i:2:d:10.1007_s12469-024-00369-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s12469-024-00369-4
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • R41 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Transportation Economics - - - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
    • R42 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Transportation Economics - - - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning
    • R52 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Land Use and Other Regulations

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