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Évaluation des aménités urbaines par la méthode des prix hédoniques : une application au cas de la ville d'Angers

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  • Muriel Travers
  • Gildas Appéré
  • Solène Larue

Abstract

[fre] La question des choix résidentiels des ménages constitue l’une des problématiques centrales de l’économie urbaine actuelle. Si les premiers modèles monocentriques se focalisaient sur l’arbitrage des ménages entre les coûts de localisation et les coûts de déplacements entre le domicile et le lieu de travail supposé se situer au centre‑ville économique, les travaux plus récents cherchent à dépasser ce cadre simplificateur afin de rendre compte des évolutions urbaines actuelles et des différences observées entre les villes européennes et nord‑américaines. En particulier, la prise en considération du rôle des aménités urbaines et naturelles améliore le pouvoir explicatif de ces modèles théoriques urbains. Largement utilisée dans le domaine de l’évaluation environnementale, la méthode des prix hédoniques peut apporter des éléments pertinents à cette problématique urbaine. Développée par Rosen (1974), elle permet de mesurer, à partir des comportements des ménages, la valeur que ces derniers accordent aux différentes caractéristiques intrinsèques et extrinsèques des logements, en particulier aux différentes aménités naturelles ou construites. L’estimation de ces prix hédoniques doit tenir compte du double caractère spatial et endogène des caractéristiques des logements : des estimations naïves par moindres carrés ordinaires sont potentiellement biaisées. Corriger ces biais requiert l’utilisation de la méthode FGS2SLS proposée par Fingleton et Le Gallo (2008), combinant variables instrumentales et correction de l’autocorrélation spatiale. Cette méthode est mise en oeuvre dans le cas de la ville d’Angers : avec un centre bien pourvu en aménités historiques, il est en effet typique du cas européen. Au‑delà du rôle prépondérant des caractéristiques intrinsèques des logements, la valorisation par les ménages des aménités «vertes » telles que les espaces verts souligne la complexité de l’espace urbain angevin. [ger] Die Frage der Wohnortentscheidungen der Haushalte stellt heute eine der wichtigsten Problemfelder der Erforschung der urbanen Wirtschaft dar. Während die ersten Modelle monozentral waren und sich auf das Abwägen der Haushalte zwischen den Wohnkosten und den Kosten des Transports zwischen Heim und Arbeitsplatz konzentrierten, wobei bei letzterem davon . ausgegangen wurde, dass er sich im wirtschaftlichen Zentrum befindet, versuchen neuere Forschungen diesen die Tatsachen vereinfachenden Rahmen zu erweitern, . um den aktuellen städtischen Entwicklungen und den beobachteten Unterschieden zwischen europäischen und nordamerikanischen Städten Rechnung zu tragen. Vor allem die Berücksichtigung der Attraktivität der urbanen und natürlichen Annehmlichkeiten trägt dazu bei, das Erklärungsvermögen der theoretischen Modelle zu verbessern. Die Methode der hedonischen Preise, welche im Bereich der Umweltbewertung weit verbreitet ist, kann zu dieser urbanen Problematik relevante Elemente beitragen. Sie wurde von Rosen (1974) entwickelt und ermöglicht es, aufgrund des Verhaltens der Haushalte den Wert zu messen, den diese den verschiedenen intrinsischen und extrinsischen Eigenschaften der Wohnsituationen beimessen, insbesondere bezüglich derer natürlicher oder baulicher Annehmlichkeiten. Bei der Schätzung der hedonischen Preise muss sowohl den topografischen als auch den inhärenten Charakteristika der Wohnungen Rechnung getragen werden. Übliche naive Schätzungen allein aufgrund von Quadratmeterpreisen können das Ziel verfehlen. Um solche Verzerrungen zu vermeiden muss die Methode FGS2SLS (feasable generalised spatial least squares) von Fingleton und Le Gallo (2008) angewandt werden, welche Instrumentvariable und Korrektur der räumlichen Autokorrelation verbindet. Diese Methode haben wir auf die Stadt Angers angewandt, deren Stadtzentrum viele historische Annehmlichkeiten bietet. Sie ist in der Tat typisch für Europa. Neben der herausragenden Rolle der intrinsischen Merkmale der Wohnungen zeigt die Wertschätzung seitens der Haushalte von „ grüne“ Annehmlichkeiten wie zum Beispiel Grünflächen, wie komplex die urbane Landschaft von Angers ist. [spa] Evaluación de los atractivos urbanos mediante el método de los precios hedónicos : aplicación en el caso de la localidad francesa de Angers . La cuestión de las elecciones residenciales de las familias es una de las problemáticas centrales de la economía urbana actual. Si bien los primeros modelos monocéntricos se focalizaban en los trade‑offs que las familias han de hacer entre los costes de la vivienda según el emplazamiento y los costes de los desplazamientos entre el domicilio y el lugar de trabajo en general localizado en el centro económico de la ciudad, los trabajos más recientes pretenden ir más allá de este marco simplificador queriendo dar cuenta de las evoluciones urbanas actuales y de las diferencias observadas entre las ciudades europeas y norteamericanas. En particular, la consideración del papel de los atractivos urbanos y naturales de la ciudad refuerza el poder explicativo de estos modelos teóricos urbanos. Ampliamente utilizada en el ámbito de la evaluación medioambiental, el método de los precios hedónicos puede aportar elementos pertinentes a esta problemática urbana. Desarrollado por Rose (1974), este método permite medir, a partir de los comportamientos de las familias, el valor que estas últimas otorgan a las diferentes características intrínsecas y extrínsecas de la vivienda y, en particular, a los diferentes atractivos naturales o edificados. La estimación de dichos precios hedónicos ha de tomar en consideración el doble carácter espacial y endógeno de las características de las viviendas : las estimaciones ingenuas que recurren a mínimos cuadrados ordinarios están potencialmente sesgadas. Para corregir estos sesgos, es necesario recurrir al método FGS2SLS propuesto por Fingleton y Le Gallo (2008), que combina variables instrumentales y corrección de la autocorrelación espacial. Se ha aplicado este método en el caso de la localidad francesa de Angers, que goza de un centro con muchos atractivos históricos. Angers encarna el típico caso europeo. Más allá del papel preponderante de las características intrínsecas de las viviendas, la valoración que las familias hacen de los atractivos «verdes » como los espacios naturales subraya la complejidad del espacio urbano de Angers. [eng] The issue of households’ residential choices is one of the key problem areas in urban economics today. While the first monocentric models focused on households’ tradeoffs between the costs involved in location and the costs of travel between home and workplace, which was assumed to be in the economic centre of the city, more recent studies attempt to look beyond this simplifying framework and take into account current urban changes and the differences observed between European and North American towns. In particular, taking account of the role of urban and natural amenities improves the explanatory power of these theoretical urban models. Widely used in the field of environmental evaluation, the hedonic price method can provide useful responses to this urban problem. Developed by Rosen (1974), it uses household behaviours to measure the value that households place on different intrinsic and extrinsic housing characteristics, particularly natural or built amenities. Estimation of these hedonic prices must take account of the dual spatial and endogenous nature of the characteristics of housing : simple estimates by the ordinary least squares method are potentially biased. To correct this bias, the FGS2SLS method proposed by Fingleton and Le Gallo (2008) must be used, combining instrumental variables and spatial autocorrelation correction. This method is applied to the case of the town of Angers : the town centre has many historic amenities, and it is indeed a typical European example. Beyond the predominant role given to the intrinsic features of the housing, the way households value “ green” amenities such as green spaces emphasises the complexity of the Angers urban space.

Suggested Citation

  • Muriel Travers & Gildas Appéré & Solène Larue, 2013. "Évaluation des aménités urbaines par la méthode des prix hédoniques : une application au cas de la ville d'Angers," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 460(1), pages 145-163.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2013_num_460_1_10203
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2013.10203
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2013.10203
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sander, Heather & Polasky, Stephen & Haight, Robert G., 2010. "The value of urban tree cover: A hedonic property price model in Ramsey and Dakota Counties, Minnesota, USA," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(8), pages 1646-1656, June.
    2. Muriel Travers & Abdelhak Nassiri & Gildas Appéré & François Bonnieux, 2008. "Évaluation des bénéfices environnementaux par la méthode des prix hédonistes : une application au cas du littoral," Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 0(4), pages 47-62.
    3. Rosen, Sherwin, 1974. "Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 82(1), pages 34-55, Jan.-Feb..
    4. Adrian R Pagan & Anthony D Hall, 1983. "Diagnostic tests as residual analysis," Published Paper Series 1983-1, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney.
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    1. Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu & Romain Craste & Bengt Kriström & Pere Riera, 2014. "Non-market valuation in France: An overview of the research activity," Working Papers hal-01087365, HAL.
    2. Dorothée Brécard & Rémy Le Boennec & Frédéric Salladarré, 2018. "Accessibility, local pollution and housing prices. Evidence from Nantes Métropole, France," Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE), issue 500-501-5, pages 97-115.

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