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La région parisienne entre 1975 et 1999 : une mutation géographique et économique

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  • Frédéric Gilli

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[spa] La región parisina entre 1975 y 1999: una mutación geográfi ca y económica. Entre 1975 y 1999, la región urbana de París aumentó más de 500 000 empleos, pero su geografía económica se reformó en favor de una transformación de los lugares y de los sectores más dinámicos. Si el empleo creció en la corona próxima, la zona densa (corazón y corona) perdió empleos debido a la gran bajada del empleo parisino. El alejamiento de los empleos fue el mayor fenómeno del periodo. Éste contribuyó, en un 50%, a la aparición o al refuerzo de los polos periféricos y en el otro 50% tomó la forma de una extensión en la zona periférica, entre y alrededor de los polos. En defi nitiva, el empleo estaba menos concentrado en 1999 que en 1975. Al mismo tiempo, la concentración espacial de cada sector de actividad cambió poco, incluso aumentó. Cada sector se concentró en un lugar diferente de la región, lo que explicó al mismo tiempo la concentración sectorial y la relajación de conjunto. La descentralización del empleo, o desintegración espacial, se llevó a cabo entonces siguiendo una lógica sectorial, llamada vertical. Por lógica, esta recomposición condujo a la emergencia de los polos especializados en la región. Al mismo tiempo, la estructura del empleo de los polos se diversifi có. El crecimiento de nuevos sectores explicó sólo una parte de esta realidad y el complemento tuvo que buscarse en las dinámicas locales. Las transferencias de establecimientos también participaron en esa recomposición regional. Emitidas por los polos centrales, benefi ciaron esencialmente a la periferia. Pero estas transferencias alimentaron las especializaciones locales y no explicaron el comienzo de diversificación observado. Existe una paradoja entre una aparente diversifi cación local y una lógica de desintegración espacial vertical, que condujo más bien a una especialización de los polos de empleos. [ger] Die Pariser Region zwischen 1975 und 1999: geographischer und wirtschaftlicher Wandel. Zwischen 1975 und 1999 gewann die urbane Region von Paris mehr als 500 000 Arbeitsplätze; ihre wirtschaftliche Geographie erfuhr jedoch im Zuge der Verlagerung von Standorten und der Veränderungen in den dynamischsten Sektoren eine Umstrukturierung. Im inneren Gürtel hat die Beschäftigung zugenommen, während das Ballungsgebiet (Zentrum und Gürtel) aufgrund des starken Rückgangs der Beschäftigung in Paris Arbeitsplätze verloren hat. Wichtigstes Phänomen in diesem Zeitraum ist die Dekonzentration der Arbeitsplätze. Diese hat zur Hälfte die Entstehung oder Stärkung peripherer Pole begünstigt und erfolgte zur Hälfte in Form einer Ansiedlung von Arbeitsplätzen in der Stadtrandzone, zwischen den Polen und um sie herum. Insgesamt ist die Beschäftigung 1999 weniger konzentriert als 1975. Im gleichen Zeitraum hat sich die räumliche Konzentration eines jeden Tätigkeitssektors nur wenig verändert, hat sogar zugenommen. Jeder Sektor konzentriert sich auf einen bestimmten Ort in der Region, was zugleich die sektorale Konzentration und die Entfl echtung der Beschäftigung erklärt. Die Dekonzentration der Beschäftigung oder räumliche Desintegration würde demnach eher nach einer sektoralen, so genannten vertikalen Logik erfolgen. Infolgedessen wird diese geographische Umstrukturierung zwangsläufi g zur Herausbildung spezialisierter Pole in der Pariser Region führen. Gleichzeitig hat sich aber auch die Beschäftigungsstruktur der Pole diversifi ziert. Mit dem Wachstum neuer Sektoren lässt sich lediglich ein Teil dieser Feststellung erklären; die restlichen Gründe sind in den lokalen Dynamiken zu suchen. Mithin tragen die Betriebsverlagerungen zu dieser regionalen Umstrukturierung bei. Von den zentralen Polen ausgehend kommen diese hauptsächlich der Peripherie zugute. Die Verlagerungen tragen zur lokalen Spezialisierung bei, erklären aber nicht den Beginn der beobachteten Diversifi zierung. Zwischen einer offenkundigen lokalen Diversifi zierung und einer Logik der vertikalen räumlichen Desintegration besteht ein Paradox, das eher auf eine Spezialisierung der Beschäftigungspole schließen lässt. [eng] Greater Paris between 1975 and 1999: a geographical and economic transformation. Between 1975 and 1999, the Greater Paris area gained more than 500,000 jobs, yet the region’s economic geography saw a transformation of its most dynamic locations and industries. If employment has increased in the outer suburbs, the core (centre and inner suburbs), is losing jobs as a result of the large fall in employment in Paris. The movement of jobs away from the centre is the signifi cant phenomenon of the period. It has, for the one half, contributed to the appearance or reinforcement of industrial clusters in peripheral locations and, for the other half, resulted in the extension of the suburban area between and around these clusters. Overall, employment is less concentrated in 1999 than it was in 1975. At the same time, the spatial sectoral concentration has little changed, or even increased. Each industry would become concentrated in a specifi c part of the region, which would explain both the sectoral concentration and the overall decentralisation. The deconcentration of employment, or spatial disintegration, therefore would occur according to the sector, i. e. vertical disintegration. Logically, this reorganization should lead to the emergence of specialised clusters throughout the region. Also at the same time, however, the structure of employment in these clusters has diversifi ed. The growth of new industries can only explain this in part, the complement being in the local dynamics. The transfer of establishments contributes thus to this regional reorganization. Sent out from the central zones, they essentially benefi t at the periphery. Yet these transfers feed local specialisations and do not explain the diversifi cation observed. There exists a clear paradox between an apparent local diversifi cation and the logic of vertical spatial disintegration, which leads more to the specialisation of centres of employment. [fre] Entre 1975 et 1999, la région urbaine de Paris a gagné plus de 500 000 emplois, mais sa géographie économique s'est recomposée à la faveur d'une transformation des lieux et secteurs les plus dynamiques. Si l'emploi a crû en proche couronne, la zone dense (coeur et couronne), perd des emplois du fait de la forte baisse de l'emploi parisien. Le desserrement plus lointain des emplois est le phénomène majeur de la période. Il a, pour moitié, contribué à l'apparition ou au renforcement de pôles périphériques et a pour moitié pris la forme d'un étalement dans la zone périurbaine, entre et autour des pôles. Au total, l'emploi est moins concentré en 1999 qu'en 1975. Dans le même temps, la concentration spatiale de chaque secteur d'activité a peu changé, voire a augmenté. Chaque secteur se concentrerait à un endroit différent de la région, ce qui expliquerait à la fois la concentration sectorielle et le desserrement d'ensemble. La déconcentration de l'emploi, ou désintégration spatiale, se ferait donc plutôt suivant une logique sectorielle, dite verticale. En toute logique, cette recomposition doit conduire à l'émergence de pôles spécialisés dans la région. Dans le même temps, la structure de l'emploi des pôles s'est pourtant diversifiée. La croissance de nouveaux secteurs explique seulement une partie de ce constat, le complément étant à chercher dans les dynamiques locales. Les transferts d'établissements participent ainsi à cette recomposition régionale. Émis par les pôles centraux, ils bénéficient essentiellement à la périphérie. Mais ces transferts alimentent les spécialisations locales et n'expliquent pas le début de diversification observé. Il y a bien un paradoxe entre une apparente diversification locale et une logique de désintégration spatiale verticale, qui induit plutôt une spécialisation des pôles d'emplois.

Suggested Citation

  • Frédéric Gilli, 2005. "La région parisienne entre 1975 et 1999 : une mutation géographique et économique," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 387(1), pages 3-33.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2005_num_387_1_7177
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2005.7177
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2005.7177
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