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De la singularité de la méthode d'évaluation contingente

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  • Stéphane Luchini

Abstract

[fre] De la singularité de la méthode d'évaluation contingente . . Les préoccupations sans cesse croissantes pour l'environnement ont conduit les pouvoirs publics à engager des politiques de sauvegarde du patrimoine naturel de plus en plus importantes. Cependant, de par la nature non marchande des biens environnementaux, l’évaluation économique d’une action publique dans ce domaine peut se révéler complexe. Confrontés à cette difficulté, les économistes ont recours, dans le cas où aucun marché ne permet la révélation indirecte des préférences, à un instrument d'évaluation spécifique: la méthode d'évaluation contingente. Cette méthode d'évaluation repose sur la réalisation d'une enquête au cours de laquelle on cherche à apprécier le montant que chacun serait prêt à payer, autrement dit le consentement à payer, pour la préservation ou la restauration d'un bien environnemental. Les fondements théoriques et les modalités pratiques de son application mettent en évidence la singularité de cette méthode dans l'analyse économique. En effet, elle revêt une double difficulté: évaluer sur la base de l'intérêt privé des objets de la sphère publique et obtenir des informations sur les préférences des agents économiques par des enquêtes, autrement dit des discours, plutôt que par l’observation d’actions sur des marchés. Cette singularité peut néanmoins être porteuse d'avancées significatives dans le champ de l'économie publique appliquée, mettant sur le devant de la scène la dualité consommateur-citoyen et l'utilisation d'enquêtes dans l'analyse économique. [eng] The Singularity of the Contingent Valuation Method . . Ever-growing fears for the environment have led the public authorities to undertake increasingly extensive policies to protect natural assets. However, the nonmarket nature of environmental goods can make the economic valuation of a public action in this field complicated. Economists deal with this problem by using a specific valuation instrument called the contingent valuation method when there is no market to indirectly reveal preferences. This valuation method is based on a survey during which the aim is to assess the amount that each person would be willing to pay, i. e. the willingness to pay, to protect and restore an environmental good. The singularity of this method in economic analysis is shown by the theoretical explanations and the practical ways of applying the method. It has two shortcomings: valuation based on the private worth of objects in the public sphere and obtaining information on economic players’ preferences by means of surveys, i. e. talking, rather than by observing actions on the markets. Nevertheless, this singularity could generate significant advances in applied public economics, placing consumer-citizen duality and the use of surveys in economic analysis centre stage. [ger] Besonderheit der Kontingenzevaluierung . . Die zunehmenden Sorgen um die Umwelt veranlasste die öffentliche Hand, immer umfassendere Politiken zum Erhalt des natürlichen Erbes in die Wege zu leiten. Da die Umweltgüter aber keine marktbestimmten Produkte sind, kann sich die wirtschaftliche Bewertung einer öffentlichen Aktion als komplex erweisen. Wenn kein Markt indirekt Aufschlüsse über die Präferenzen gibt, greifen die Wirtschaftswissenschaftler aufgrund dieser Schwierigkeit auf ein spezielles Evaluierungsinstrument zurück: die Methode der Kontingenzevaluierung. Bei dieser Evaluierungsmethode wird eine Umfrage über den Betrag durchgeführt, den jeder für den Erhalt oder die Rehabilitierung eines Umweltguts zu zahlen bereit wäre (mit anderen Worten über die Zahlungsbereitschaft). Die theoretischen Grundlagen und praktischen Modalitäten ihrer Anwendung machen deutlich, dass diese Methode in der wirtschaftlichen Analyse eine Sonderstellung einnimmt. Denn sie ist mit zwei Schwierigkeiten verbunden: Evaluierung auf der Basis des privaten Interesses der öffentlichen Güter sowie Erhalt von Informationen über die Präferenzen der Wirtschaftssubjekte mittels Umfragen, das heißt eher durch die Auswertung von Äußerungen als durch die Beobachtung von Aktionen an den Märkten. Allerdings kann diese Besonderheit erhebliche Fortschritte in der angewandten Volkswirtschaft bringen, da die Dualität Konsument/ Bürger und die Verwendung von Umfragen bei der Wirtschaftsanalyse in den Vordergrund rücken. [spa] De la singularidad del método de evaluación contingente . . Las preocupaciones cada vez crecientes por el medio ambiente han hecho que los poderes públicos lleven a cabo unas políticas de preservación del patrimonio natural cada vez más importantes. Sin embargo, por el carácter no comercial de los bienes medioambientales, la evaluación económica de una acción pública en ese campo puede resultar compleja. Frente a esta dificultad, los economistas han recurrido, en el caso en que ningún mercado permite la revelación indirecta de las preferencias, a una herramienta de evaluación específica: el método de evaluación contingente. Este método de evaluación descansa en la realización de una encuesta en la que se intenta apreciar el monto que cada cual estaría dispuesto a pagar, o sea el consentimiento a pagar, para la preservación o la restauración de un bien medioambiental. Los cimientos teóricos y las modalidades de su aplicación ponen de manifiesto la singularidad de ese método en el análisis económico. En efecto, este método presenta una doble dificultad: el evaluar, basándose en el interés privado, unos objetos de la esfera pública y el obtener unas informaciones sobre las preferencias de los actores económicos mediante unas encuestas, o sea unos discursos, antes que por la observación de unas acciones en unos mercados. Esa singularidad puede con todo desembocar en unos avances importantes en el ámbito de la economía pública aplicada, al poner de relieve la dualidad consumidor-ciudadano y la utilización de encuestas en el análisis económico.

Suggested Citation

  • Stéphane Luchini, 2002. "De la singularité de la méthode d'évaluation contingente," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 357(1), pages 141-152.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2002_num_357_1_7671
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2002.7671
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2002.7671
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Walid Oueslati & Nicole Madariaga & Julien Salanié, 2008. "Évaluation contingente d’aménités paysagères liées à un espace vert urbain. Une application au cas du parc Balzac de la ville d’Angers," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement, INRA Department of Economics, vol. 87(2), pages 77-99.
    2. Jeanne Dachary-Bernard & Jean Cavailhès, 2004. "Une évaluation économique du paysage ; suivi d'un commentaire de Jean Cavailhès," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 373(1), pages 57-80.
    3. Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu & Romain Craste & Bengt Kriström & Pere Riera, 2014. "Non-market valuation in France: An overview of the research activity," Working Papers hal-01087365, HAL.
    4. Brahim, DJEMACI, 2015. "Using a Contingent Valuation Approach for Improved Household Solid Waste Management in Algeria," MPRA Paper 68443, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Ali, Bouchrika & FakhriI, Issaoui & Habib, Jouber, 2014. "Evaluation of the Utility Function of an Environmental asset: Contingent valuation Method (CVM)," MPRA Paper 60421, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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