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Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: national strategies in perspective
[AI ethics guidelines inventory]

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  • Roxana Radu

Abstract

As more and more governments release national strategies on artificial intelligence (AI), their priorities and modes of governance become more clear. This study proposes the first comprehensive analysis of national approaches to AI from a hybrid governance perspective, reflecting on the dominant regulatory discourses and the (re)definition of the public-private ordering in the making. It analyses national strategies released between 2017 and 2019, uncovering the plural institutional logics at play and the public-private interaction in the design of AI governance, from the drafting stage to the creation of new oversight institutions. Using qualitative content analysis, the strategies of a dozen countries (as diverse as Canada and China) are explored to determine how a hybrid configuration is set in place. The findings show a predominance of ethics-oriented rather than rule-based systems and a strong preference for functional indetermination as deliberate properties of hybrid AI governance.

Suggested Citation

  • Roxana Radu, 2021. "Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: national strategies in perspective [AI ethics guidelines inventory]," Policy and Society, Darryl S. Jarvis and M. Ramesh, vol. 40(2), pages 178-193.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:polsoc:v:40:y:2021:i:2:p:178-193.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728
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    Cited by:

    1. Tuzov, Viktor & Lin, Fen, 2024. "Two paths of balancing technology and ethics: A comparative study on AI governance in China and Germany," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    2. Eryn Rigley & Caitlin Bentley & Joshua Krook & Sarvapali D. Ramchurn, 2024. "Evaluating international AI skills policy: A systematic review of AI skills policy in seven countries," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 15(1), pages 204-217, February.
    3. Palladino, Nicola, 2023. "A ‘biased’ emerging governance regime for artificial intelligence? How AI ethics get skewed moving from principles to practices," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(5).
    4. Kenneth P Seastedt & Patrick Schwab & Zach O’Brien & Edith Wakida & Karen Herrera & Portia Grace F Marcelo & Louis Agha-Mir-Salim & Xavier Borrat Frigola & Emily Boardman Ndulue & Alvin Marcelo & Leo , 2022. "Global healthcare fairness: We should be sharing more, not less, data," PLOS Digital Health, Public Library of Science, vol. 1(10), pages 1-13, October.
    5. Inga Ulnicane & Aini Aden, 2023. "Power and politics in framing bias in Artificial Intelligence policy," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 665-687, September.
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    7. Sunghoon Kim & Seri No, 2024. "Workplace AI Regulation and Worker Resistance in Korea," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 77(5), pages 835-846, October.
    8. Zhenyu Wang, 2025. "Generative AI‐Making and State‐Making: Sovereign AI Race and the Future of Digital Geopolitics," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 13.
    9. Saima Javed & Yu Rong & Babar Nawaz Abbasi, 2024. "Convergence analysis of artificial intelligence research capacity: Are the less developed catching up with the developed ones?," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(4), pages 2172-2192, May.
    10. Kira Allmann & Roxana Radu, 2023. "Digital footprints as barriers to accessing e‐government services," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 14(1), pages 84-94, February.
    11. Inga Ulnicane & Tero Erkkilä, 2023. "Politics and policy of Artificial Intelligence," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 612-625, September.
    12. Plantinga, Paul & Shilongo, Kristophina & Mudongo, Oarabile & Umubyeyi, Angelique & Gastrow, Michael & Razzano, Gabriella, 2023. "Responsible artificial intelligence in Africa: Towards policy learning," SocArXiv jyhae, Center for Open Science.
    13. Esmat Zaidan & Imad Antoine Ibrahim, 2024. "AI Governance in a Complex and Rapidly Changing Regulatory Landscape: A Global Perspective," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, December.
    14. Chang Zhang & Lexuan Wang, 2025. "Virtual Worlds, Real Politics: A Cross‐National Comparative Study of Metaverse Policy Approaches," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 13.
    15. Tero Erkkilä, 2023. "Global indicators and AI policy: Metrics, policy scripts, and narratives," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 811-839, September.
    16. Nicole Lemke & Philipp Trein & Frédéric Varone, 2023. "Agenda-setting in nascent policy subsystems: issue and instrument priorities across venues," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 56(4), pages 633-655, December.
    17. Wang, Shangrui & Zhang, Yuanmeng & Xiao, Yiming & Liang, Zheng, 2025. "Artificial intelligence policy frameworks in China, the European Union and the United States: An analysis based on structure topic model," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    18. Jonas Tallberg & Eva Erman & Markus Furendal & Johannes Geith & Mark Klamberg & Magnus Lundgren, 2023. "The Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Next Steps for Empirical and Normative Research," Papers 2305.11528, arXiv.org.
    19. Jongheon Kim, 2023. "Traveling AI‐essentialism and national AI strategies: A comparison between South Korea and France," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 705-728, September.
    20. Carl Gahnberg, 2021. "What rules? Framing the governance of artificial agency [The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand]," Policy and Society, Darryl S. Jarvis and M. Ramesh, vol. 40(2), pages 194-210.
    21. Vasiliki Koniakou, 2023. "From the “rush to ethics” to the “race for governance” in Artificial Intelligence," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 71-102, February.

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