IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/pubcho/v48y1986i2p157-174.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Endogenous supranational policy decisions: The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community

Author

Listed:
  • Harald Witzke

Abstract

The analysis of the supranational EC decisions on the CAP indicates that they are endogenous and could largely be explained by past income growth and the development of budgetary expenditures prevailing at the time of the price decisions. The empirical results corroborate the hypothesis that Monetary Compensatory Amounts are integral part of Common price decisions. Agricultural income growth could be explained by past price policy decisions whereas budget expenses are determined by U.S.$ world market prices and the exchange rate of the ECU against the U.S.$ If the CAP were to be a national agricultural policy the results obtained would not be very surprising. The decision making process with respect to the Common Agricultural Policy, however, is supranational in character. Apparently the same forces that one might expect to determine national agricultural policies underlie CAP decisions, too. A question that immediately rearises is this context is, what are the determinants of the behavior of the agents involved in the decision making process? As already mentioned, the approach based on the (expected) behavior of voters is not likely to contribute to an explanation of CAP decisions because on an average the portion of agricultural voters is low in the EC. Moreover, empirical analyses for the Federal Republic of Germany did not find significant interrelations between price policy decisions or agricultural incomes and the popularity of the government on the side on agricultural voters (Haase, 1983). Finally, the Council of Ministers is not elected by the voters of the European Community as a whole; the ministers are members of the respective nationally elected governments. To what extent the behavior of bureaucrats and the behavior of pressure groups contribute to the observed CAP decisions is difficult to judge and even more difficult to analyze empirically because presumably the most important factors influencing the supply of (bureaucracy) and the demand for price support (pressure groups) are identical, namely agricultural income and budgetary expenditures (Beusmann and Hagedorn, 1984). The model developed in this paper could contribute to avoiding misinterpretations of EC price policy decisions as occurred around the turn of the last decade. The comparatively low growth rates of guaranteed prices during that time were not symptoms of a policy change but a consequence of relative budget scarcity and comparatively high income growth due to high price increases in the past. Once there had been a budget relief and relatively low agricultural income growth the growth rate of support prices increased again. As has been shown, price policy decisions are not completely determined by past income growth and thus by past decisions on market regime prices. The growth rate of budget expenses is also an important determinant of price decisions. The growth rate of budget expenses is (among other things) also affected by changing exchange rates (ECU vs. U.S.$) and U.S.$ world market prices. This allows some interesting additional insights into some international determinants of CAP decisions. While it could be argued that the impact of the world market prices and the exchange rate (ECU vs. U.S.$) via EC budget expenses is quantitatively less important than the effects of past price decisions these international aspects must not be overlooked. The following may help to illustrate such interrelationships. The present comparatively high value of the U.S.$ against the currencies which form the ECU reduces the EC price support in terms of the ECU, i.e., it reduces the difference between domestic prices and the ECU world market prices and thus eases the budget situation which in turn contributes to relatively higher increases of the support prices. The arguments with respect to world market prices in U.S.$ are quite similar; comparatively high U.S.$ prices on the world market (caused e.g., by the 1983 drought in the USA or the U.S. PIK program) reduce export refunds per unit and thus the EC budget expenses. Although the quantitative effects are, as yet, unknown, lines of argument such as the following one appear to be plausible. The comparatively high value of the U.S.$ against the ECU during the last couple of years has c.p. eased the EC budget situation and thus contributed to comparatively high increases in support prices. As the large country assumption holds for EC agriculture the increased surplus production of the EC has caused relatively lower world market prices and thus contributed to agricultural income problems in other countries and/or additional income measures there. Assuming that these other countries are not small in economic terms, and that they introduce measures which in essence reduce their supply of agricultural commodities (such as a PIK program), then it become obvious that such a policy in turn contributes to relatively high growth rates of agricultural support prices in the EC. Copyright Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1986

Suggested Citation

  • Harald Witzke, 1986. "Endogenous supranational policy decisions: The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 157-174, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:kap:pubcho:v:48:y:1986:i:2:p:157-174
    DOI: 10.1007/BF00179729
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/BF00179729
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/BF00179729?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ritson, Christopher, 1982. "Forecasting EEC Support Prices," Department of Agricultural Economics Archive 272908, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
    2. Schmitt, Günther, 1982. "Der Wohlfahrtsstaat in der Krise und die Folgen Für die Agrarpolitik," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 31(05).
    3. Harald Von Witzke, 1979. "Prices, common agricultural price policy and personal distribution of income in West German agriculture," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 6(1), pages 61-80.
    4. Egertson, Kenneth E. & Hasbargen, Paul R. & Benson, Fred J., 1983. "Supply And Price Impact Of The Arp And Pik Programs," Staff Papers 14177, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    5. Jan De Veer, 1979. "The objective method: An element in the process of fixing guide prices within the common agricultural policy," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 6(3), pages 279-301.
    6. Alexander H. Sarris & John Freebairn, 1983. "Endogenous Price Policies and International Wheat Prices," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 65(2), pages 214-224.
    7. Schuh, G. Edward, 1981. "Economics And International Relations A Conceptual Framework," 1981 Annual Meeting, July 26-29, Clemson, South Carolina 279342, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    8. Ralph G. Lattimore & G. Edward Schuh, 1979. "Endogenous Policy Determination: the Case of the Brazilian Beef Sector," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 27(2), pages 1-16, July.
    9. U. Koester, 1977. "The redistributional effects of the common agricultural financial system," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 4(4), pages 321-345.
    10. Anthony Downs, 1957. "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(2), pages 135-135.
    11. Nerlove, Marc & Grether, David M. & Carvalho, José L., 1979. "Analysis of Economic Time Series," Elsevier Monographs, Elsevier, edition 1, number 9780125157506 edited by Shell, Karl.
    12. P. M. Schmitz, 1979. "EC price harmonization: A macroeconomic approach," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 6(2), pages 165-190.
    13. Richard A. Posner, 1974. "Theories of Economic Regulation," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 5(2), pages 335-358, Autumn.
    14. Dagobert Brito & Michael Intriligator, 1981. "Strategic arms limitation treaties and innovations in weapons technology," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 37(1), pages 41-59, January.
    15. Gordon C. Rausser, 1982. "Political Economic Markets: PERTs and PESTs in Food and Agriculture," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 64(5), pages 821-833.
    16. Gordon C. Rausser, 1982. "Political Economic Markets: PERTs and PESTs in Food and Agriculture," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 64(5), pages 821-833.
    17. Koester, Ulrich, 1982. "Policy options for the grain economy of the European Community: implications for developing countries," Research reports 35, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    18. Petersen, Ralf, 1983. "Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik und der Haushalt der EG," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 32(08).
    19. Hartwig De Haen & Joachim Von Braun, 1977. "Mobility of agricultural labour and fluctuating regional labour markets: A demographic and economic analysis with application to West-Germany," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 4(3), pages 215-243.
    20. Bruno Frey, 1985. "State and prospect of public choice: A European view," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 141-161, January.
    21. Schmitt, Günther, 1984. "Warum die Agrarpolitik ist, wie sie ist, und nicht, wie sie sein sollte," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 33(05).
    22. Gerrard, Chris & Roe, Terry L., 1981. "Government Market Intervention: An Econometric Study Of Tanzanian Food Grain Markets," Staff Papers 13813, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    23. U. Koester & S. Tangermann, 1977. "Supplementing farm price policy by direct income payments: Cost-benefit-analysis of alternative farm policies with a special application to German agriculture," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 4(1), pages 7-31.
    24. Alan Swinbank, 1979. "The ‘objective method’: A critique," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 6(3), pages 303-317.
    25. S. Tarditi & E. Croci Angelini, 1982. "Regional redistributive effects of common price support policies," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 9(3), pages 255-270.
    26. Mark Langworthy & Scott Pearson & Tim Josling, 1981. "Macroeconomic influences on future agricultural prices in the European Community," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 8(1), pages 5-26.
    27. G. Edward Schuh, 1981. "Economics and International Relations: A Conceptual Framework," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 63(5), pages 767-778.
    28. Theodor Heidhues, 1976. "National policy decisions as an adaptive process," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 3(2-3), pages 349-389.
    29. Malcolm D. Bale & Ernst Lutz, 1981. "Price Distortions in Agriculture and Their Effects: An International Comparison," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 63(1), pages 8-22.
    30. Stefan Tangermann, 1983. "What is Different about European Agricultural Protectionism?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(1), pages 39-58, March.
    31. Gary S. Becker, 1983. "A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 98(3), pages 371-400.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Swinnen, Johan F. M. & Banerjee, Anurag N. & Gorter, Harry de, 2001. "Economic development, institutional change, and the political economy of agricultural protection: An econometric study of Belgium since the 19th century," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 25-43, October.
    2. Henning, Christian H.C.A. & Glauben, Thomas, 2000. "Dynamik, Dimensionen Und Determinanten Der Gemeinsamen Europäischen Agrarpolitik," Working Paper Series 24406, University of Kiel, Chair of Agricultural Policy.
    3. Bahreinian, Aniss, 1987. "EC common agricultural policy and the world trade in feed grain: a multi-region nonspatial price equilibrium analysis," ISU General Staff Papers 198701010800009612, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    4. D. MacLaren, 1992. "The Political Economy Of Agricultural Policy Reform In The European Community And Australia," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(3), pages 424-439, September.
    5. Alessandro Olper & Daniele Valenti & Valentina Raimondi & Daniele Curzi, 2023. "The EU enlargements treatment effect on agricultural policy," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 45(2), pages 1134-1153, June.
    6. von Witzke, Harald & Houck, James P., 1987. "Economic Effects Of Possible European Community Market Intervention In Soybeans And Their Products," Staff Papers 14147, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    7. Ruttan, Vernon W. & von Witzke, Harald, 1988. "Toward A Global Agricultural System," Staff Papers 14186, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    8. Roberts, Ivan M. & Whish-Wilson, Patrick, 1991. "Domestic and world market effects of EC sugar policies," Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Archive 316159, Australian Government, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
    9. Chr. R. Weiss, 1992. "The Effect Of Price Reduction And Direct Income Support Policies On Agricultural Input Markets In Austria," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(1), pages 1-13, January.
    10. von Witzke, Harald & Hausner, Ulrich, 1993. "A Public Choice Analysis Of U.S. Producer Price Support In Wheat And Corn: Implications For Agricultural Trade And Policy," Staff Papers 13475, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    11. von Witzke, Harald & Hausner, Ulrich, 1991. "The Political Economy Of Agricultural And Trade Policies In Open Economies: Implications For International Cooperation In The Gatt," Staff Papers 14141, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Henning, Christian H.C.A. & Glauben, Thomas, 2000. "Dynamik, Dimensionen Und Determinanten Der Gemeinsamen Europäischen Agrarpolitik," Working Paper Series 24406, University of Kiel, Chair of Agricultural Policy.
    2. Rausser, Gordon C. & de Gorter, Harry, 1988. "Endogenizing Policy In Models Of Agricultural Markets," 1988 Annual Meeting, August 1-3, Knoxville, Tennessee 270460, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    3. Jonathan Brooks, 1996. "Agricultural Policies In Oecd Countries: What Can We Learn From Political Economy Models?," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1‐4), pages 366-389, January.
    4. von Witzke, Harald, 1987. "EC Agricultural Policies and Their Contribution to Turbulence in Agriculture," 1987 Occasional Paper Series No. 4 197319, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    5. D. MacLaren, 1991. "Agricultural Trade Policy Analysis And International Trade Theory: A Review Of Recent Developments," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(3), pages 250-297, September.
    6. Jacobson, Elaine Mullaly & Emerson, Robert D., 1989. "The Influences Of Id Ogy And Economic Interests On Dairy Legislation," 1989 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 2, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 270466, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    7. William C. Mitchell, 1990. "Interest Groups: Economic Perspectives and Contributions," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 2(1), pages 85-108, January.
    8. Lee, David R. & Rausser, Gordon C., 1992. "The Structure of Research and Transfer Policies in International Agriculture: Evidence and Implications," 1992 Occasional Paper Series No. 6 197731, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    9. Kym Anderson & Gordon Rausser & Johan Swinnen, 2013. "Political Economy of Public Policies: Insights from Distortions to Agricultural and Food Markets," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 51(2), pages 423-477, June.
    10. Zilberman, David & Graff, Gregory & Hochman, Gal & Kaplan, Scott, 2015. "The Political Economy of Biotechnology," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 64(04), December.
    11. Van Kooten, G. C. & Spriggs, John & Schmitz, Andrew, 1989. "The Impact of Canadian Commodity Stabilization Programs on Risk Reduction and the Supply of Agricultural Commodities," Working Papers 244037, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
    12. Brian C. Albrecht & Joshua R. Hendrickson & Alexander William Salter, 2022. "Evolution, uncertainty, and the asymptotic efficiency of policy," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 192(1), pages 169-188, July.
    13. Myers, Robert J. & Oehmke, James F., 1987. "Instability and Risk as Rationales for Government Intervention in Agriculture," Staff Paper Series 200938, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    14. P. Hägg, 1997. "Theories on the Economics of Regulation: A Survey of the Literature from a European Perspective," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 4(4), pages 337-370, December.
    15. Gordon C. Rausser, 1992. "Predatory versus Productive Government: The Case of U.S. Agricultural Policies," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 6(3), pages 133-157, Summer.
    16. Wiebelt, Manfred & Herrmann, Roland & Schenck, Patricia & Thiele, Rainer, 1992. "Discrimination against agriculture in developing countries?," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 458, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    17. Wenshou Yan & Kaixing Huang, 2022. "Geographic politics, loss aversion and trade policy: The case of cotton in China," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(9), pages 2854-2881, September.
    18. Daowei Zhang & David Laband, 2005. "From Senators to the President: Solve the lumber problem or else," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 123(3), pages 393-410, June.
    19. Rausser, Gordon C. & Foster, William E., 1990. "Public goods and wealth transfer tradeoffs," Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley, Working Paper Series qt7f97x962, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley.
    20. Bruce L. Gardner, 1989. "Economic Theory and Farm Politics," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 71(5), pages 1165-1171.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:pubcho:v:48:y:1986:i:2:p:157-174. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.