IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/ecopln/v57y2024i1d10.1007_s10644-024-09589-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial inclusion and underground economy nexus in West Africa: evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel techniques

Author

Listed:
  • Musa Abdullahi Sakanko

    (University of Jos)

  • Joseph David

    (Lagos Business School)

  • Nurudeen Abu

    (Baba-Ahmed University, Phase 1, Sharada Industrial Estate)

  • Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal

    (Sultan Idris Education University)

Abstract

We employ dynamic heterogeneous panel estimation techniques which include Dynamic Fixed Effects, Mean Group, and Pooled Mean Group estimators to explore the underground economy (UE) and financial inclusion (FI) relation for ten West African nations during the 2004–2021 period. Applying Pedroni cointegration test, the results present evidence of a long-term relation between UE and FI (alongside corruption, inflation rate, money supply, agricultural output, and trade). The results of panel estimation portray a long-term significant positive influence of FI on UE, but a short-term significant negative relation between FI and UE. In addition, corruption, money supply, and international trade have a long-term significant negative influence on UE, while inflation supports long-term expansion of UE. Also, a short-term significant negative relation exists between inflation (and trade) and UE, while a short-term significant positive relation is found between money supply and UE. The results of Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality test signal a one-way causality from FI to UE. Therefore, policies geared toward enhancing FI, reducing corruption and money supply, and improving international trade are recommended to reduce UE.

Suggested Citation

  • Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David & Nurudeen Abu & Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal, 2024. "Financial inclusion and underground economy nexus in West Africa: evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel techniques," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 1-20, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:ecopln:v:57:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s10644-024-09589-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s10644-024-09589-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10644-024-09589-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10644-024-09589-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Baltagi, Badi H. & Feng, Qu & Kao, Chihwa, 2012. "A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 170(1), pages 164-177.
    2. Phoebe W. Ishak & Mohammad Reza Farzanegan, 2022. "Oil price shocks, protest, and the shadow economy: Is there a mitigation effect?," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(2), pages 298-321, July.
    3. Pedroni, Peter, 2004. "Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties Of Pooled Time Series Tests With An Application To The Ppp Hypothesis," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 597-625, June.
    4. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    5. Pesaran, M. Hashem & Smith, Ron, 1995. "Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 79-113, July.
    6. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    7. Leandro Medina & Mr. Friedrich Schneider, 2018. "Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?," IMF Working Papers 2018/017, International Monetary Fund.
    8. Leora Klapper, 2023. "How digital payments can benefit entrepreneurs," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 396-396, April.
    9. Beck, Thorsten & Pamuk, Haki & Ramrattan, Ravindra & Uras, Burak R., 2018. "Payment instruments, finance and development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 162-186.
    10. Peter Pedroni, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 653-670, November.
    11. Noelia Cámara & David Tuesta, 2018. "Measuring financial inclusion: a multidimensional index," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), The role of data in supporting financial inclusion policy, volume 47, Bank for International Settlements.
    12. Heli Virta, 2010. "The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size: does geography matter?," International Journal of Development Issues, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(1), pages 4-24, April.
    13. Kizito Uyi Ehigiamusoe & Hooi Hooi Lean & Chien-Chiang Lee, 2019. "Moderating effect of inflation on the finance–growth nexus: insights from West African countries," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 399-422, August.
    14. Salvatore Capasso & Franziska Ohnsorge & Shu Yu, 2022. "Informality and financial development: A literature review," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 90(5), pages 587-608, September.
    15. Roberto Dell’Anno & Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu & Nguling’wa Philip Balele, 2018. "Estimating shadow economy in Tanzania: an analysis with the MIMIC approach," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 45(1), pages 100-113, January.
    16. Mariam Aljassmi & Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal & Norasibah Abdul Jalil & Joseph David & K. Kuperan Viswanathan, 2023. "Estimating the magnitude of money laundering in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): evidence from the currency demand approach (CDA)," Journal of Money Laundering Control, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 27(2), pages 332-347, May.
    17. Shabeer Khan & Baharom Abdul Hamid & Mohd Ziaur Rehman, 2021. "Determinants of shadow economy in OIC and non-OIC countries: the role of financial development," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 18(10), pages 3373-3393, October.
    18. Jay Pil Choi & Marcel Thum, 2005. "Corruption And The Shadow Economy," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 46(3), pages 817-836, August.
    19. Phoebe W. Ishak & Mohammad Reza Farzanegan, 2022. "Oil price shocks, protest, and the shadow economy: Is there a mitigation effect?," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(2), pages 298-321, July.
    20. Roberto Dell'Anno & Omobola Adu, 2020. "The size of the informal economy in Nigeria: a structural equation approach," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 47(8), pages 1063-1078, July.
    21. Pedroni, Peter, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(0), pages 653-670, Special I.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Usman, Muhammad & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad, 2021. "What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 12-28.
    2. Jean-François Hoarau & Nicolas Lucic, 2022. "Are real merchandise imports per capita a good predictor for the standard of living for the small island world: Testing for the imports-led growth and the growth-led imports hypotheses in panels over ," TEPP Working Paper 2022-16, TEPP.
    3. Mahmoud Kraim & Tamat Sarmidi & Fathin Faizah & Norlin Khalid, 2023. "A sectoral specification of Okun’s law in oil-producing countries: evidence from panel ARDL model," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 2385-2404, August.
    4. Herzer, Dierk & Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2015. "Income inequality and health: Evidence from developed and developing countries," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 9, pages 1-56.
    5. Bo Yang & Minhaj Ali & Shujahat Haider Hashmi & Mohsin Shabir, 2020. "Income Inequality and CO 2 Emissions in Developing Countries: The Moderating Role of Financial Instability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-24, August.
    6. Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2022. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Spur Economic Growth? New Empirical Evidence From Sub-Saharan African Countries," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 67(233), pages 61-84, April – J.
    7. Rishan Adha & Cheng-Yih Hong & Somya Agrawal & Li-Hua Li, 2023. "ICT, carbon emissions, climate change, and energy demand nexus: The potential benefit of digitalization in Taiwan," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(5), pages 1619-1638, August.
    8. Iheonu O Chimere & Tochukwu Nwachukwu, 2020. "Macroeconomic determinants of household consumption in selected West African countries," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 40(2), pages 1596-1606.
    9. Muhammad Bilal Khan & Hummera Saleem & Malik Shahzad Shabbir & Xie Huobao, 2022. "The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(1), pages 107-134, February.
    10. Purcel, Alexandra-Anca & Dragos, Cristian Mihai & Mare, Codruța & Dragos, Simona Laura, 2023. "Voluntary health insurance and out-of-pocket payments in European OECD countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    11. Michael Funke & Doudou Zhong, 2024. "The political globalization trilemma revisited: An empirical assessment across countries and over time," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(1), pages 177-201, March.
    12. Masayuki Shimizu & Oscar Tiku, 2023. "Evaluation of environmental energy efficiency and its influencing factors: a prefecture-level analysis of Japanese manufacturing industries," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 12(1), pages 1-26, December.
    13. Funke, Michael & Zhong, Doudou, 2020. "The political globalisation trilemma revisited: An empirical assessment across countries and over time," BOFIT Discussion Papers 19/2020, Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT).
    14. repec:zbw:bofitp:2020_019 is not listed on IDEAS
    15. Abdelaziz Boukhelkhal, 2022. "Energy use, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Africa: does the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis exist? New evidence from heterogeneous panel under cross-sectional dependence," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(11), pages 13083-13110, November.
    16. Anil Shrestha & Makoto Kakinaka, 2022. "Remittance Inflows and Energy Transition of the Residential Sector in Developing Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-19, August.
    17. Lazăr, Dorina & Minea, Alexandru & Purcel, Alexandra-Anca, 2019. "Pollution and economic growth: Evidence from Central and Eastern European countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1121-1131.
    18. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Istihak Rayhan & Nahid Sultana, 2023. "How Does Electricity Affect Economic Growth? Examining the Role of Government Policy to Selected Four South Asian Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-17, February.
    19. Fortune Ganda, 2021. "The influence of growth determinants on environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa states," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 7117-7139, May.
    20. Dierk Herzer, 2016. "Unions and Income Inequality: A Heterogeneous Panel Co-integration and Causality Analysis," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 30(3), pages 318-346, September.
    21. Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2022. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Spur Economic Growth? New Empirical Evidence From Sub-Saharan African Countries," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 67(233), pages 61-84, April – J.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Underground economy; Financial inclusion; PMG; West Africa;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
    • H30 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - General
    • N27 - Economic History - - Financial Markets and Institutions - - - Africa; Oceania

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:ecopln:v:57:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s10644-024-09589-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.