IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ipf/psejou/v48y2024i2p177-201.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Taxpayers' attitudes toward tax compliance in the Slovenian tax system: differences according to gender, income level and size of settlement

Author

Listed:
  • Lidija Hauptman

    (Department of Accounting and Auditing, University of Maribor, Faculty of Economics and Business, Maribor, Slovenia)

  • Berislav Zmuk

    (Department of Statistics, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Ivana Pavic

    (Department of Accounting, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between certain economic and psychological factors and demographic characteristics of Slovene taxpayers, such as gender, income level and size of settlement as it is becoming important for a country’s tax compliance framework to align with the tax recommendations of global institutions. The results show some gender differences, with males being less likely to feel guilty or bad if taxes are not paid in full than females, whereas females tend to have the opinion that working for cash-in-hand payment without paying tax is not a trivial offence. Taxpayers with low incomes tend to agree that tax evasion is morally acceptable if tax rates are too high. Taxpayers from rural settlements exhibit a higher tendency to feel morally obligated to pay their taxes than taxpayers from urban settlements. The findings indicate that the vast majority of taxpayers feel morally obligated to pay their taxes.

Suggested Citation

  • Lidija Hauptman & Berislav Zmuk & Ivana Pavic, 2024. "Taxpayers' attitudes toward tax compliance in the Slovenian tax system: differences according to gender, income level and size of settlement," Public Sector Economics, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 48(2), pages 177-201.
    • Handle: RePEc:ipf:psejou:v:48:y:2024:i:2:p:177-201
    DOI: 10.3326/pse.48.2.3
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://pse-journal.hr/upload/files/pse/2024/2/hauptman_zmuk_pavic.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3326/pse.48.2.3?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Filippin, Antonio & Crosetto, Paolo, 2014. "A Reconsideration of Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes," IZA Discussion Papers 8184, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. Batrancea, Larissa & Nichita, Anca & Olsen, Jerome & Kogler, Christoph & Kirchler, Erich & Hoelzl, Erik & Weiss, Avi & Torgler, Benno & Fooken, Jonas & Fuller, Joanne & Schaffner, Markus & Banuri, She, 2019. "Trust and power as determinants of tax compliance across 44 nations," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    3. Alm, James & Cherry, Todd & Jones, Michael & McKee, Michael, 2010. "Taxpayer information assistance services and tax compliance behavior," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 577-586, August.
    4. Marziana Mohamad & Norsalihah Mohd Nor & Norshiela Bakar & Winnie Lemi Anak Nanta, 2013. "Accounting VS Non-Accounting Majors: Perception on Tax Knowledge, Fairness and Perceived Behavioural Control," International Journal of Asian Social Science, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 3(9), pages 1887-1896.
    5. Robert W. McGee & Radoslav Tusan, 2008. "The Ethics of Tax Evasion: A Survey of Slovak Opinion," Springer Books, in: Robert W. McGee (ed.), Taxation and Public Finance in Transition and Developing Economies, chapter 31, pages 575-601, Springer.
    6. James Alm & Antoine Malézieux, 2021. "40 years of tax evasion games: a meta-analysis," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 24(3), pages 699-750, September.
    7. Robert W. McGee & Christopher Lingle, 2008. "The Ethics of Tax Evasion: A Survey of Guatemalan Opinion," Springer Books, in: Robert W. McGee (ed.), Taxation and Public Finance in Transition and Developing Economies, chapter 25, pages 481-495, Springer.
    8. Titos Ritsatos, 2014. "Tax evasion and compliance; from the neo classical paradigm to behavioural economics, a review," Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 10(2), pages 244-262, May.
    9. Katharina Gangl & Stephan Muehlbacher & Manon de Groot & Sjoerd Goslinga & Eva Hofmann & Christoph Kogler & Gerrit Antonides & Erich Kirchler, 2013. ""How can I help you?" Perceived Service Orientation of Tax Authorities and Tax Compliance," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 69(4), pages 487-510, December.
    10. Hartmann, Andre J. & Gangl, Katharina & Kasper, Matthias & Kirchler, Erich & Kocher, Martin G. & Mueller, Martin & Sonntag, Axel, 2022. "The economic crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative effect on tax compliance: Results from a scenario study in Austria," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    11. Filippin, Antonio & Fiorio, Carlo V. & Viviano, Eliana, 2013. "The effect of tax enforcement on tax morale," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 320-331.
    12. United Nations UN, 2015. "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," Working Papers id:7559, eSocialSciences.
    13. Devista Yoga Prasetyo & Priyo Hari Adi & Theresia Woro Damayanti, 2020. "Overconfidence, Gender and Tax Compliance - the Indonesian Evidence," Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research (ELIT), vol. 16(4), pages 135-143.
    14. Alm, James & McKee, Michael, 2006. "Audit Certainty, Audit Productivity, and Taxpayer Compliance," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 59(4), pages 801-816, December.
    15. James Alm, 2019. "What Motivates Tax Compliance?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 353-388, April.
    16. Marziana Mohamad & Norsalihah Mohd Nor & Norshiela Bakar & Winnie Lemi Anak Nanta, 2013. "Accounting VS Non-Accounting Majors: Perception on Tax Knowledge, Fairness and Perceived Behavioural Control," International Journal of Asian Social Science, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 3(9), pages 1887-1896, September.
    17. Robert W. McGee, 2008. "A Survey of Vietnamese Opinion on the Ethics of Tax Evasion," Springer Books, in: Robert W. McGee (ed.), Taxation and Public Finance in Transition and Developing Economies, chapter 36, pages 663-674, Springer.
    18. Nida Putri Rahmayanti & Sutrisno T. & Yeney Widya Prihatiningtias, 2020. "Effect of tax penalties, tax audit, and taxpayers awareness on corporate taxpayers compliance moderated by compliance intentions," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 9(2), pages 118-124, March.
    19. Kirchler, Erich & Hoelzl, Erik & Wahl, Ingrid, 2008. "Enforced versus voluntary tax compliance: The "slippery slope" framework," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 210-225, April.
    20. Anca Nichita & Larissa Batrancea & Ciprian Marcel Pop & Ioan Batrancea & Ioan Dan Morar & Ema Masca & Ana Maria Roux-Cesar & Denis Forte & Henrique Formigoni & Adilson Aderito da Silva, 2019. "We Learn Not for School but for Life: Empirical Evidence of the Impact of Tax Literacy on Tax Compliance," Eastern European Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(5), pages 397-429, September.
    21. Kirchler,Erich, 2007. "The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521876742, October.
    22. Allingham, Michael G. & Sandmo, Agnar, 1972. "Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(3-4), pages 323-338, November.
    23. James Alm, 2012. "Measuring, explaining, and controlling tax evasion: lessons from theory, experiments, and field studies," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 19(1), pages 54-77, February.
    24. Kim, Chung Kweon, 2002. "Does fairness matter in tax reporting behavior?," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 771-785, December.
    25. Durham, Yvonne & Manly, Tracy S. & Ritsema, Christina, 2014. "The effects of income source, context, and income level on tax compliance decisions in a dynamic experiment," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 220-233.
    26. Tatjana Jovanovic & Maja Klun, 2017. "Tax Policy Assessment in Slovenia – Case of Interest Tax Shield," DANUBE: Law and Economics Review, European Association Comenius - EACO, issue 1, pages 1-17, March.
    27. Khalil, Sandra & Sidani, Yusuf, 2022. "Personality traits, religiosity, income, and tax evasion attitudes: An exploratory study in Lebanon," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
    28. Hofmann, Eva & Voracek, Martin & Bock, Christine & Kirchler, Erich, 2017. "Tax compliance across sociodemographic categories: Meta-analyses of survey studies in 111 countries," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 63-71.
    29. Kangave, Jalia & Waiswa, Ronald & Sebaggala, Nathan, 2021. "Are Women More Tax Compliant than Men? How Would We Know?," Working Papers 16483, Institute of Development Studies, International Centre for Tax and Development.
    30. Wenzel, Michael, 2005. "Motivation or rationalisation? Causal relations between ethics, norms and tax compliance," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 491-508, August.
    31. Robert W. McGee & Jaan Alver & Lehte Alver, 2008. "The Ethics of Tax Evasion: A Survey of Estonian Opinion," Springer Books, in: Robert W. McGee (ed.), Taxation and Public Finance in Transition and Developing Economies, chapter 24, pages 461-480, Springer.
    32. Nur Cahyonowati & Dwi Ratmono & Agung Juliarto, 2023. "The role of social norms and trust in authority in tax compliance dilemmas," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 2174084-217, December.
    33. Robert W. McGee & Marcelo J. Rossi, 2008. "A Survey of Argentina on the Ethics of Tax Evasion," Springer Books, in: Robert W. McGee (ed.), Taxation and Public Finance in Transition and Developing Economies, chapter 14, pages 239-261, Springer.
    34. Kastlunger, Barbara & Dressler, Stefan G. & Kirchler, Erich & Mittone, Luigi & Voracek, Martin, 2010. "Sex differences in tax compliance: Differentiating between demographic sex, gender-role orientation, and prenatal masculinization (2D:4D)," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 542-552, August.
    35. Grosch, Kerstin & Rau, Holger, 2017. "Gender differences in honesty: The role of social value orientation," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 308, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Colin C. Williams, 2023. "A Modern Guide to the Informal Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 18668.
    2. James Alm & Matthias Kasper, 2020. "Laboratory Experiments," Working Papers 2008, Tulane University, Department of Economics.
    3. James Alm & Lilith Burgstaller & Arrita Domi & Amanda März & Matthias Kasper, 2023. "Nudges, Boosts, and Sludge: Using New Behavioral Approaches to Improve Tax Compliance," Economies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-22, September.
    4. Dezső, Linda & Alm, James & Kirchler, Erich, 2022. "Inequitable wages and tax evasion," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    5. Fatas, Enrique & Nosenzo, Daniele & Sefton, Martin & Zizzo, Daniel John, 2021. "A self-funding reward mechanism for tax compliance," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    6. James Alm & Antoine Malézieux, 2021. "40 years of tax evasion games: a meta-analysis," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 24(3), pages 699-750, September.
    7. C Williams, Colin, 2021. "Explaining And Tackling Undeclared Work In South East Europe: Lessons From A 2019 Eurobarometer Survey," UTMS Journal of Economics, University of Tourism and Management, Skopje, Macedonia, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18.
    8. Pickhardt, Michael & Prinz, Aloys, 2014. "Behavioral dynamics of tax evasion – A survey," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 1-19.
    9. Diana Onu & Lynne Oats & Erich Kirchler & Andre Julian Hartmann, 2019. "Gaming the System: An Investigation of Small Business Owners’ Attitudes to Tax Avoidance, Tax Planning, and Tax Evasion," Games, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, November.
    10. Ho Fai Chan & Uwe Dulleck & Jonas Fooken & Naomi Moy & Benno Torgler, 2023. "Cash and the Hidden Economy: Experimental Evidence on Fighting Tax Evasion in Small Business Transactions," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 185(1), pages 89-114, June.
    11. James Alm & Peter Gerbrands & Erich Kirchler, 2022. "Using “responsive regulation” to reduce tax base erosion," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(3), pages 738-759, July.
    12. Nathalie Etchart-vincent & Marisa Ratto & Emmanuelle Taugourdeau, 2024. "Why should I comply with taxes if others don't?: an experimental study testing informational effects," Working Papers hal-04635966, HAL.
    13. Benno Torgler, 2021. "The Power of Public Choice in Law and Economics," CREMA Working Paper Series 2021-04, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
    14. James Alm & William D. Schulze & Carrie von Bose & Jubo Yan, 2019. "Appeals to Social Norms and Taxpayer Compliance," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 86(2), pages 638-666, October.
    15. Benno Torgler, 2021. "Behavioral Taxation: Opportunities and Challenges," CREMA Working Paper Series 2021-25, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
    16. Paleka Hana & Karanović Goran & Štambuk Ana, 2023. "The Direct and Moderating Effect of Sociodemographic Variables on Tax Compliance Behaviour," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 18(2), pages 34-48, December.
    17. Klaser, Klaudijo & Mittone, Luigi, 2022. "Can the rawlsian veil of ignorance foster tax compliance? Evidence from a laboratory experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 99-113.
    18. James Alm & Matthias Kasper & Erich Kirchler, 2022. "Can ethics change? Enforcement and its effects on taxpayer compliance," Working Papers 2209, Tulane University, Department of Economics.
    19. James Alm, 2019. "What Motivates Tax Compliance?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 353-388, April.
    20. Colin C. Williams & Friedrich Schneider, 2016. "Measuring the Global Shadow Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 16551.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • M48 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • D91 - Microeconomics - - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ipf:psejou:v:48:y:2024:i:2:p:177-201. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Martina Fabris (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ijfffhr.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.