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The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area

Author

Listed:
  • Richard R. Rushforth

    (Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Benjamin L. Ruddell

    (Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Water footprinting has revealed hydro-economic interdependencies between distant global geographies via trade, especially of agricultural and manufactured goods. However, for metropolitan areas, trade not only entails commodity flows at many scales from intra-municipal to global, but also substantial intra-metropolitan flows of the skilled labor that is essential to a city’s high-value economy. Virtual water flows between municipalities are directly relevant for municipal water supply policy and infrastructure investment because they quantify the hydro-economic dependency between neighboring municipalities. These municipalities share a physical water supply and also place demands on their neighbors’ water supplies by outsourcing labor and commodity production outside the municipal and water supply system boundary to the metropolitan area. Metropolitan area communities span dense urban cores to fringe agricultural towns, spanning a wide range of the US hydro-economy. This study quantifies water footprints and virtual water flows of the complete economy of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area’s municipalities. A novel approach utilized journey to work data to estimate virtual water flows embedded in labor. Commodities dominate virtual water flows at all scales of analysis, however labor is shown to be important for intra-metropolitan virtual water flows. This is the first detailed water footprint analysis of Phoenix, an important city in a water-scarce region. This study establishes a hydro-economic typology for communities to define several niche roles and decision making points of view. This study’s findings can be used to classify communities with respect to their relative roles, and to benchmark future improvements in water sustainability for all types of communities. More importantly, these findings motivate cooperative approaches to intra-metropolitan water supply policy that recognize the hydro-economic interdependence of these municipalities and their shared interest in ensuring a sustainable and resilient hydro-economy for all members of the metropolitan area.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard R. Rushforth & Benjamin L. Ruddell, 2015. "The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-26, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:7:y:2015:i:7:p:8522-8547:d:51884
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    1. Ruddell, Benjamin L. & Cheng, Dan & Fournier, Eric Daniel & Pincetl, Stephanie & Potter, Caryn & Rushforth, Richard, 2020. "Guidance on the usability-privacy tradeoff for utility customer data aggregation," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    2. Tasnuva Mahjabin & Susana Garcia & Caitlin Grady & Alfonso Mejia, 2018. "Large cities get more for less: Water footprint efficiency across the US," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(8), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Arjen Y. Hoekstra & Ashok K. Chapagain & Guoping Zhang, 2015. "Water Footprints and Sustainable Water Allocation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-6, December.
    4. Gao, Yining & Zhang, Yan & Xu, Dongxiao, 2025. "A systematic review of urban ecological resilience: Emerging frontiers in process-oriented metabolic research," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 510(C).
    5. Sun, J.X. & Yin, Y.L. & Sun, S.K. & Wang, Y.B. & Yu, X. & Yan, K., 2021. "Review on research status of virtual water: The perspective of accounting methods, impact assessment and limitations," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    6. Fu, YiCheng & Zhao, Jinyong & Wang, Chengli & Peng, Wenqi & Wang, Qi & Zhang, Chunling, 2018. "The virtual Water flow of crops between intraregional and interregional in mainland China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 204-213.

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