Exploring the Relationship Between Cultivated Land Regulations, Agricultural Productivity, and Trade Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis Among China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan Under the Belt and Road Initiative

Ensuring food security and sustainable land management is a global priority, particularly within countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This study investigates the role of cultivated land regulation systems in influencing agricultural productivity and trade efficiency, focusing on China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan. Despite the critical role of cultivated land, variations in land-regulation policies and regional practices have led to disparate outcomes in agricultural productivity, sustainability, and trade efficiency. A comparative methodology was employed, integrating descriptive statistics, regression modeling, and geospatial analysis to evaluate yield trends, irrigation coverage, land-use efficiency, and trade performance between 2016 and 2022. Data were sourced from government reports, international databases, and satellite imagery. The results indicate that China’s centralized land-regulation policies—such as the Red Line Policy—have stabilized arable land, enhanced average crop yields (6.1 tons/ha in 2022), and significantly expanded agricultural export volumes. In Russia, land consolidation and modernization efforts have improved productivity (2.9 tons/ha in 2022) and export capacities, though limited irrigation remains a challenge. Kyrgyzstan, while showing gradual improvements through cooperative farming, continues to face fragmentation, infrastructure deficiencies, and limited trade growth. The study concludes that harmonized and targeted land-regulation policies—coupled with infrastructure investments and regulatory alignment—are essential to secure productivity, improve trade efficiency, and strengthen agricultural resilience across BRI countries. Strengthened investments in infrastructure, land-tenure security, and policy alignment across BRI countries are recommended to enhance food security and agricultural trade efficiency.