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Investigation of Novel Transition Metal Loaded Hydrochar Catalyst Synthesized from Waste Biomass (Rice Husk) and Its Application in Biodiesel Production Using Waste Cooking Oil (WCO)

Author

Listed:
  • Laraib Aamir Khan

    (U.S-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Rabia Liaquat

    (U.S-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Mohammed Aman

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah 21448, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammad Kanan

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah 21448, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Saleem

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia)

  • Asif Hussain khoja

    (U.S-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Ali Bahadar

    (Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia)

  • Waqar Ul Habib Khan

    (U.S-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

Abstract

The decarbonization of transportation plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, and biodiesel has emerged as a promising solution due to its renewable and eco-friendly nature. However, in order to maintain the momentum of the “green trend” and ensure energy security, an ecologically friendly pathway is important to produce efficient biodiesel. In this work, activated carbon (AC) obtained from rice husk (RH) is hydrothermally prepared and modified through cobalt transition metal for catalyst support for the transesterification process. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts are examined using XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS, TGA, and BET, while the produced biodiesel is also characterized using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). To optimize the transesterification process, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) are produced by the conversion of waste cooking oil. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to validate temperature (75 °C), the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (1:9), catalyst weight percentage (2 wt.%), and retention time (52.5 min). The highest conversion rate of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel was recorded at 96.3% and tested as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Based on the results, it is clear that cobalt-loaded rice husk-based green catalyst (RHAC-Co) enhanced catalytic activity and yield for biodiesel production. Further research should focus on engine performance evaluation and scaling up of the catalyst by optimizing it for the industrial scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Laraib Aamir Khan & Rabia Liaquat & Mohammed Aman & Mohammad Kanan & Muhammad Saleem & Asif Hussain khoja & Ali Bahadar & Waqar Ul Habib Khan, 2024. "Investigation of Novel Transition Metal Loaded Hydrochar Catalyst Synthesized from Waste Biomass (Rice Husk) and Its Application in Biodiesel Production Using Waste Cooking Oil (WCO)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-22, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:17:p:7275-:d:1462994
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vargas, Edgar M. & Ospina, Lizeth & Neves, Márcia C. & Tarelho, Luís A.C. & Nunes, Maria I., 2021. "Optimization of FAME production from blends of waste cooking oil and refined palm oil using biomass fly ash as a catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1637-1647.
    2. Nisar, Jan & Razaq, Rameez & Farooq, Muhammad & Iqbal, Munawar & Khan, Rafaqat Ali & Sayed, Murtaza & Shah, Afzal & Rahman, Inayat ur, 2017. "Enhanced biodiesel production from Jatropha oil using calcined waste animal bones as catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 111-119.
    3. Borah, Manash Jyoti & Devi, Anuchaya & Borah, Raju & Deka, Dhanapati, 2019. "Synthesis and application of Co doped ZnO as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from non-edible oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 512-519.
    4. Nath, Biswajit & Kalita, Pranjal & Das, Bipul & Basumatary, Sanjay, 2020. "Highly efficient renewable heterogeneous base catalyst derived from waste Sesamum indicum plant for synthesis of biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 295-310.
    5. Das, Velentina & Tripathi, Abhishek Mani & Borah, Manash Jyoti & Dunford, Nurhan Turgut & Deka, Dhanapati, 2020. "Cobalt-doped CaO catalyst synthesized and applied for algal biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 1110-1119.
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