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Novel Co3O4 decorated with rGO nanocatalyst to boost microwave-assisted biodiesel production and as nano-additive to enhance the performance-emission characteristics of diesel engine

Author

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  • Maleki, Basir
  • Kalanakoppal Venkatesh, Yatish
  • Esmaeili, Hossein
  • Haddadi, Masoumeh
  • Mithun Prakash, Ravikumar
  • Balakrishna, Geetha R.

Abstract

In this study, a novel Co3O4 decorated with rGO nanocatalyst was utilized in synergy with microwave heating as a novel approach for the generation of biodiesel. In this process, 98.04 % biodiesel yield was achieved by adopting response surface methodology algorithm under MEOH/oil molar ratio of 12.75:1, Co3O4@rGO loading of 1.53 wt%, microwave time of 7.17 min, and stirring speed of 512 rpm. The catalyst can be reused for seven times with biodiesel yields beyond 85 %. Co3O4@rGO was used as a nano-additive in the diesel engine to investigate the emission and performance of biodiesel blended with diesel. The Co3O4@rGO nanoparticles were dispersed into the B20 fuel with concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm. The outcomes discovered that the brake thermal efficiency of B20Co3O4@rGO50 is 1.22 % greater than B20, and the brake specific fuel consumption is declined by 5.05 %. The emissions from the diesel engine i.e. CO (29.88 %) and UHC (16.38 %) were significantly lowered compared to B20. The emission of NOx for B20Co3O4@rGO100 is 7.4 % lower than B20 and greater than conventional petrodiesel. Owing to its remarkable stability, excellent biodiesel yield, effective utilization in diesel engine, and high catalytic activity, the Co3O4@rGO is strongly proposed for industrial biodiesel generation utilizing microwave radiation.

Suggested Citation

  • Maleki, Basir & Kalanakoppal Venkatesh, Yatish & Esmaeili, Hossein & Haddadi, Masoumeh & Mithun Prakash, Ravikumar & Balakrishna, Geetha R., 2024. "Novel Co3O4 decorated with rGO nanocatalyst to boost microwave-assisted biodiesel production and as nano-additive to enhance the performance-emission characteristics of diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:289:y:2024:i:c:s0360544223033388
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.129944
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    1. Li, Qiongyu & Zhao, Yanshuai & Liu, Tongzhi & Luo, Zhaolin & Luo, Kunliang & Wang, Teng, 2024. "Kinetic and optimization study of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production from waste coconut scum oil using porous CoFe2O4@sulfonated graphene oxide magnetic nanocatalysts: CI engine approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    2. Arun, S.B. & Yatish, K.V. & Tigari, Girish & Prashanth, G.K. & Lalithamba, H.S. & Pramoda, K., 2026. "Bio-based plant-extract facilitated MgO nanocatalyst for the transformation of agriculture waste derived-feedstock into biodiesel and as nano-additive in diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PD).
    3. Saberi, Mohammadreza & Talesh, S. Siamak Ashraf & Maleki, Basir, 2025. "Biodiesel production from waste frying oil via NiFe2O4/SiO2 magnetic nanocomposites: Evaluation of diesel engine parameters and statistical optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    4. Maleki, Basir & Ashraf Talesh, S. Siamak, 2024. "Sustainable biodiesel production from wild oak (Quercus brantii Lindl) oil as a novel and potential feedstock via highly efficient Co@CuO nanocatalyst: RSM optimization and CI engine assessment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    5. Sannagoudar Basanagoudar, Arun & Maleki, Basir & Prakash Ravikumar, Mithun & Mounesh, & Kuppe, Pramoda & Kalanakoppal Venkatesh, Yatish, 2024. "Exploitation of Annona reticulata leaf extract for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles as catalyst for the production of biodiesel using seed oil thereof," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    6. Subramaniam, Koguleshun & Wong, Kang Yao & Wong, Kok Hoe & Chong, Cheng Tung & Chiong, Meng Choung & Ng, Jo-Han, 2024. "A synergic approach to intensify biodiesel transesterification through microfluidics and microwave irradiation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    7. Yatish, K.V. & Omkaresh, B.R. & Amruth, E. & Mounesh, & Prashanth, K.N., 2025. "Deciphering methanolysis of modified waste coconut scum oil into biodiesel using green NaOH/SnO2 nanocatalyst: Optimization, thermo-kinetics, cost-evaluation and diesel engine studies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    8. Li, Linjun & Li, Lilin & Ma, Jianhui & Xie, Fei, 2024. "Biodiesel production from the transesterification of waste cooking oil via CaO/HAP/MnFe@K magnetic nanocatalyst derived from eggshells and chicken bones: Diesel engine and kinetic studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PA).
    9. Wang, Luyao & Dong, Chunting & Yuan, Zong & Wang, Zeyu & Lu, Jie & Ding, Jincheng, 2026. "Z-type ZnO/CeO2@g-CN photocatalyst for efficient pre-esterification of waste cooking oil: Optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).

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