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Multi-Trait Selection of Quinoa Ideotypes at Different Levels of Cutting and Spacing

Author

Listed:
  • Syed Riaz Ahmed

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), Horticulture Research Institute Khuzdar Baghbana, Khuzdar 89101, Pakistan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Zeba Ali

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Iram Ijaz

    (Laboratory of Molecular Systematics and Evolution Genetics, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA)

  • Zafran Khan

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Nimra Gul

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Soha Pervaiz

    (Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan)

  • Hesham F. Alharby

    (Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Daniel K. Y. Tan

    (School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Muhammad Sayyam Tariq

    (Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan
    Division Plant Breeding and Genetics, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan)

  • Maria Ghaffar

    (Division Plant Breeding and Genetics, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan
    Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Amir Bibi

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Khalid Rehman Hakeem

    (Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
    Princess Dr Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh)

Abstract

Climate change has affected the food supply chain and raised serious food concerns for humans and animals worldwide. The present investigation aimed to assess the effect of environmental factors along with three different levels of cutting (i.e., cutting 1, 2, and 3 at the vegetative, budding, and flowering stages, respectively) and spacing (i.e., 21, 23, and 26 cm) on quinoa biomass and quality to select the most suitable accessions. This experiment was repeated for two years using a split–split plot experimental design. The cutting × genotype × year and cutting × space × genotype interactions were significant for most quinoa morphological traits (except for leaf area and intermodal distance), where the maximum growth in number of leaves/plant (NoL), plant height (PH), fresh weight (FW), number of branches/plant (Br), and dry weight (DW) were observed during the second growing season. Cutting and spacing levels also showed significant effects on morphological and quality traits of quinoa. Among the different levels of cutting and spacing, cutting level 3 and spacing level 2 were more effective across both years at gaining maximum biomass and quality traits such as crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP). According to the MGIDI, only two accessions (R3 and R9) fared better in both growing seasons, and selected accessions had positive morphological and quality traits. There were moderately significant negative correlations between PH, NoL, LA, FW, and DW and anti-quality traits such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), indicating that an increase in biomass decreased the concentrations of ADF and NDF in both stem and leaves. A comparison with oat accessions (G3 and G7) revealed that quinoa has higher CP and CF and lower NDF than oats in both stems and leaves (except for ADF). In conclusion, the combination of cutting level 3 and spacing level 2 (23 cm) is more suitable to obtain high-quality quinoa forage with maximum biomass production. Furthermore, the MGIDI is a useful tool for breeders to select genotypes based on their mean performance, stability, and desired traits.

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Riaz Ahmed & Zeba Ali & Iram Ijaz & Zafran Khan & Nimra Gul & Soha Pervaiz & Hesham F. Alharby & Daniel K. Y. Tan & Muhammad Sayyam Tariq & Maria Ghaffar & Amir Bibi & Khalid Rehman Hakeem, 2023. "Multi-Trait Selection of Quinoa Ideotypes at Different Levels of Cutting and Spacing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-23, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:14:p:11446-:d:1201111
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    References listed on IDEAS

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