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Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petrol, Biodiesel and Battery Electric Vehicles in Malaysia Based on Life Cycle Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Shoki Kosai

    (Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan)

  • Sazalina Zakaria

    (Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Hang Seng Che

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Md Hasanuzzaman

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Nasrudin Abd Rahim

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Chiakwang Tan

    (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia)

  • Radin Diana R. Ahmad

    (Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Ahmad Rosly Abbas

    (Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Katsuyuki Nakano

    (College of Policy Science, Ritsumeikan University, Ibaraki 567-8570, Osaka, Japan)

  • Eiji Yamasue

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan)

  • Wei Kian Woon

    (Corporate Strategy & Sustainability, Strategy and Ventures Division, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia)

  • Ammar Harith Ahmad Amer

    (Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

Abstract

A steady rise in the ownership of vehicles in Malaysia has drawn attention to the need for more effective strategies to reduce the emissions of the road transport sector. Although the electrification of vehicles and replacing petrol with biofuel are the strategies being considered in Malaysia, these strategies have yet to be fully evaluated from an environmental perspective. In this study, a life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the greenhouse gas emissions of different types of transportation means (passenger cars, two-wheelers (motorbikes), and buses) with several types of powertrains (petrol, biodiesel, electricity) based on multiple lifecycle stages in Malaysia. The impact of considering land use change for the biodiesel production in the LCA was also considered in this study. It was found that the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles fueled by petrol to electric vehicles would reduce the greenhouse gas emission for passenger cars, two-wheelers, and buses. However, because the greenhouse gas emissions of biodiesel-fueled vehicles are higher than those of petrol-fueled vehicles, even without considering land use change, the results indicate that the transition from a 10% to 20% biofuel blend, which is a current strategy in Malaysia, will not result in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for the transport sector in Malaysia.

Suggested Citation

  • Shoki Kosai & Sazalina Zakaria & Hang Seng Che & Md Hasanuzzaman & Nasrudin Abd Rahim & Chiakwang Tan & Radin Diana R. Ahmad & Ahmad Rosly Abbas & Katsuyuki Nakano & Eiji Yamasue & Wei Kian Woon & Amm, 2022. "Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petrol, Biodiesel and Battery Electric Vehicles in Malaysia Based on Life Cycle Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-12, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:10:p:5783-:d:812491
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Anderson Breno Souza & Alvaro Antonio Villa Ochoa & José Ângelo Peixoto da Costa & Gustavo de Novaes Pires Leite & Héber Claudius Nunes Silva & Andrezza Carolina Carneiro Tómas & David Campos Barbosa , 2023. "A Review of Tropical Organic Materials for Biodiesel as a Substitute Energy Source in Internal Combustion Engines: A Viable Solution?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-25, April.
    2. Hridoy Roy & Bimol Nath Roy & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Md. Shahinoor Islam & Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik & Mostaf S. Hamad & Shehab Ahmed, 2022. "Global Advancements and Current Challenges of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Their Prospects: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-30, December.
    3. Naseri, Hamed & Waygood, E.O.D. & Patterson, Zachary & Wang, Bobin, 2024. "Who is more likely to buy electric vehicles?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 15-28.
    4. Nur Ayeesha Qisteena Muzir & Md. Rayid Hasan Mojumder & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Jeyraj Selvaraj, 2022. "Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-40, July.
    5. Nur Ayeesha Qisteena Muzir & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Jeyraj Selvaraj, 2023. "Modeling and Analyzing the Impact of Different Operating Conditions for Electric and Conventional Vehicles in Malaysia on Energy, Economic, and the Environment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-31, June.
    6. Md Junaed Al Hossain & Md. Zakir Hasan & Md Hasanuzzaman & Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan & Mohammad Ahsan Habib, 2022. "Affordable Electric Three-Wheeler in Bangladesh: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-26, December.
    7. Md. Rayid Hasan Mojumder & Fahmida Ahmed Antara & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Basem Alamri & Mohammad Alsharef, 2022. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-53, October.
    8. Khan, Faizan A. & Mekhilef, Saad & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Ab Aziz, Nur Fadilah & Pal, Nitai & Yaseen, Aftab & Yadav, Ashiwani & Asim, Mohammed & Alshammari, Obaid, 2024. "Design and development of grid independent integrated energy system for electric vehicle charging stations at different locations in Malaysia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    9. Soongil Kwon & Yoon-Seong Chang, 2025. "A Study on CO 2 Emission Reduction Using Operating Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) for Rental Vehicles, Focusing on South Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-16, June.
    10. Dominika Siwiec & Andrzej Pacana, 2025. "Prospective Assessment of Life Cycle, Quality, and Cost for Electric Product Improvement: Supporting Prototyping and Conceptualization by Employing CQ-LCA," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-29, June.

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