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Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Landfill Gas Generation in Kakia Landfill, Makkah

Author

Listed:
  • Faisal A. Osra

    (Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia)

  • Huseyin Kurtulus Ozcan

    (Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey)

  • Jaber S. Alzahrani

    (Industrial Engineering Department, Al-Qunfudhah Engineering College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammad S. Alsoufi

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

In many countries, open dumping is considered the simplest, cheapest, and most cost-effective way of managing solid wastes. Thus, in underdeveloped economies, Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are openly dumped. Improper waste disposal causes air, water, and soil pollution, impairing soil permeability and blockage of the drainage system. Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be enhanced by operating a well-engineered site with the capacity to reduce, reuse, and recover MSW. Makkah city is one of the holiest cities in the world. It harbors a dozen of holy places. Millions of people across the globe visit the place every year to perform Hajj, Umrah, and tourism. In the present study, MSW characterization and energy recovery from MSW of Makkah was determined. The average composition of solid waste in Makkah city is organic matter (48%), plastics (25%), paper and cardboard (20%), metals (4%), glass (2%), textiles (1%), and wood (1%). In order to evaluate energy recovery potential from solid waste in Kakia open dumpsite landfill, the Gas Generation Model (LandGEM) was used. According to LandGEM results, landfill gas (methane and carbon dioxide) generation potential and capacity were determined. Kakia open dump has a methane potential of 83.52 m 3 per ton of waste.

Suggested Citation

  • Faisal A. Osra & Huseyin Kurtulus Ozcan & Jaber S. Alzahrani & Mohammad S. Alsoufi, 2021. "Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Landfill Gas Generation in Kakia Landfill, Makkah," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:3:p:1462-:d:490111
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Huseyin Kurtulus Ozcan & Senem Yazici Guvenc & Lokman Guvenc & Goksel Demir, 2016. "Municipal Solid Waste Characterization According to Different Income Levels: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-11, October.
    2. I. A. Kerimov & M. Sh. Mintsaev & M.V. Debiev & M. Ya. Pashaev, 2020. "Basic Stages of Energy Development Program Implementation in the Chechen Republic," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(6), pages 502-509.
    3. Elena Cristina Rada & Marco Ragazzi & Paolo Stefani & Marco Schiavon & Vincenzo Torretta, 2015. "Modelling the Potential Biogas Productivity Range from a MSW Landfill for Its Sustainable Exploitation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-14, January.
    4. Hans Breukelman & Harold Krikke & Ansje Löhr, 2019. "Failing Services on Urban Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Review on Symptoms, Diagnoses, and Interventions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-31, December.
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    2. Carlos J. Gallego & Juan C. David & I. N. Gomez-Miranda & Sebastián Jaén, 2023. "Quantitative Analysis of Colombian Waste Picker’s Profile," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-15, June.
    3. Willie Doaemo & Sahil Dhiman & Alexander Borovskis & Wenlan Zhang & Sumedha Bhat & Srishti Jaipuria & Mirzi Betasolo, 2021. "Assessment of municipal solid waste management system in Lae City, Papua New Guinea in the context of sustainable development," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(12), pages 18509-18539, December.

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