IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i20p13066-d939219.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca

Author

Listed:
  • Nibras Abdullah

    (Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
    School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
    Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah P.O. Box 3114, Yemen)

  • Ola A. Al-wesabi

    (School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
    Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah P.O. Box 3114, Yemen)

  • Badiea Abdulkarem Mohammed

    (Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
    Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah P.O. Box 3114, Yemen)

  • Zeyad Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi

    (Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia)

  • Meshari Alazmi

    (Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammad Alsaffar

    (Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mahmoud Baklizi

    (Computer Science/Network Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan)

  • Putra Sumari

    (School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia)

Abstract

Urban areas worldwide are in the race to become smarter, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is no exception. Many of these have envisaged a chance to establish devoted municipal access networks to assist all kinds of city administration and preserve services needing data connectivity. Organizations unanimously concentrate on sustainability issues with key features of general trends, particularly the combination of the 3Rs (reduce waste, reuse and recycle resources). This paper demonstrates how the incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) with data access networks, geographic information systems and combinatorial optimization can contribute to enhancing cities’ administration systems. A waste-gathering approach based on supplying smart bins is introduced by using an IoT prototype embedded with sensors, which can read and convey bin volume data over the Internet. However, from another perspective, the population and residents’ attitudes directly affect the control of the waste management system. The conventional waste collection system does not cover all areas in the city. It works based on a planned scheme that is implemented by the authorized organization focused on specific popular and formal areas. The conventional system cannot observe a real-time update of the bin status to recognize whether the waste level condition is ‘full,’ ‘not full,’ or ‘empty.’ This paper uses IoT in the container and trucks that secure the overflow and separation of waste. Waste source locations and population density influence the volume of waste generation, especially waste food, as it has the highest amount of waste generation. The open public area and the small space location problems are solved by proposing different truck sizes based on the waste type. Each container is used for one type of waste, such as food, plastic and others, and uses the optimization algorithm to calculate and find the optimal route toward the full waste container. In this work, the situations in KSA are evaluated, and relevant aspects are explored. Issues relating to the sustainability of organic waste management are conceptually analyzed. A genetic-based optimization algorithm for waste collection transportation enhances the performance of waste-gathering truck management. The selected routes based on the volume status and free spaces of the smart bins are the most effective through those obtainable towards the urgent smart bin targets. The proposed system outperforms other systems by reducing the number of locations and smart bins that have to be visited by 46% for all waste types, whereas the conventional and existing systems have to visit all locations every day, resulting in high cost and consumption time.

Suggested Citation

  • Nibras Abdullah & Ola A. Al-wesabi & Badiea Abdulkarem Mohammed & Zeyad Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi & Meshari Alazmi & Mohammad Alsaffar & Mahmoud Baklizi & Putra Sumari, 2022. "IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-31, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13066-:d:939219
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/20/13066/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/20/13066/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Faisal A. Osra & Huseyin Kurtulus Ozcan & Jaber S. Alzahrani & Mohammad S. Alsoufi, 2021. "Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Landfill Gas Generation in Kakia Landfill, Makkah," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    2. Arshid M. Ali & Ayyaz M. Nawaz & Hamad A. Al-Turaif & Khurram Shahzad, 2021. "The economic and environmental analysis of energy production from slaughterhouse waste in Saudi Arabia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 4252-4269, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Carlos J. Gallego & Juan C. David & I. N. Gomez-Miranda & Sebastián Jaén, 2023. "Quantitative Analysis of Colombian Waste Picker’s Profile," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Moktadir, Md. Abdul & Rahman, Mohammed Mizanur, 2022. "Energy production from leather solid wastes by anaerobic digestion: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    3. Willie Doaemo & Sahil Dhiman & Alexander Borovskis & Wenlan Zhang & Sumedha Bhat & Srishti Jaipuria & Mirzi Betasolo, 2021. "Assessment of municipal solid waste management system in Lae City, Papua New Guinea in the context of sustainable development," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(12), pages 18509-18539, December.
    4. Thalía Turrén-Cruz & Miguel Ángel López Zavala, 2021. "Framework Proposal for Achieving Smart and Sustainable Societies (S 3 )," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-14, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13066-:d:939219. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.