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Why Community-Based Tourism and Rural Tourism in Developing and Developed Nations are Treated Differently? A Review

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  • Seweryn Zielinski

    (Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Yoonjeong Jeong

    (Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea)

  • Seong-il Kim

    (Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
    Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea)

  • Celene B. Milanés

    (Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, Calle 58#55-66, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia)

Abstract

Rural community tourism initiatives in developed nations share most positive and negative characteristics with community-based tourism (CBT) initiatives in developing nations. They also share many barriers and conditions for tourism development. What makes them different is the context in which they operate. This paper identifies the main conditions that explain these differences through a review of findings from 103 location-specific case studies and other available literature that provides empirical evidence. The paper also explores the usage of the concepts of CBT and rural tourism. The findings are discussed under seven categories: Definitions, socioeconomic and cultural factors, policy and governance, land ownership, community cohesiveness, assimilation of external stakeholders, and type of visitors. It is argued that it is the developing-/developed-nation context, and not objectively established criteria, which largely dictates authors’ narratives with corresponding takes on tourism development and subsequent recommendations. The paper engages in a discussion about case-study research, its weaknesses and tendencies, providing some recommendations on how to increase the contribution of case studies to knowledge, and calls for more research on externally assisted non-Indigenous community-tourism initiatives in developed nations.

Suggested Citation

  • Seweryn Zielinski & Yoonjeong Jeong & Seong-il Kim & Celene B. Milanés, 2020. "Why Community-Based Tourism and Rural Tourism in Developing and Developed Nations are Treated Differently? A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:15:p:5938-:d:388558
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Tek B. Dangi & James F. Petrick, 2021. "Augmenting the Role of Tourism Governance in Addressing Destination Justice, Ethics, and Equity for Sustainable Community-Based Tourism," Tourism and Hospitality, MDPI, vol. 2(1), pages 1-28, January.
    4. Said Keliwar & Musdalifah Musdalifah & A. Rinto Dwiatmojo, 2022. "Rural Tourism Development in Jembayan Tengah Village East Kalimantan-Indonesia," Technium Social Sciences Journal, Technium Science, vol. 38(1), pages 502-513, December.
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    6. Lapuz, Mark Chris M., 2023. "The role of local community empowerment in the digital transformation of rural tourism development in the Philippines," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
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