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The Nexus between Socio-Ecological System, Livelihood Resilience, and Migration Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh

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  • Bishawjit Mallick

    (Chair of Environmental Development and Risk Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany)

Abstract

This research aims to ascertain how, and to what extent, livelihood resilience influences migration decisions (to migrate or not to migrate) of people who live in vulnerable socio-ecological systems (SESs). To do so, first, the characteristics of different SESs are determined; secondly, livelihood resilience across the SESs are analysed; and finally, the influence of livelihood resilience on the ‘migration decision’ (i.e., to migrate or not to migrate) is explained. The explanation of migration is based on the patterns, location, purpose, scope, and extent of migration. This paper addresses these issues based on empirical evidence from five rural coastal communities in Bangladesh. Findings show that resilient people would like to stay put and the decision differs across SESs, for example, the majority of people living in salt-shrimp-dependent SESs intended to migrate in the future, whereas the majority of people living in rain-fed agriculture-dependent SESs preferred to not migrate. Thus, the ability to migrate is therefore not only dependent on economic capability but also on the socio-ecological context of the place in which people live.

Suggested Citation

  • Bishawjit Mallick, 2019. "The Nexus between Socio-Ecological System, Livelihood Resilience, and Migration Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:12:p:3332-:d:240362
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    Cited by:

    1. Bangkim Biswas & Bishawjit Mallick, 2021. "Livelihood diversification as key to long-term non-migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(6), pages 8924-8948, June.
    2. Iqbal, Md. Hafiz & Aziz, Ahsan, 2022. "Crop selection as climate change adaptation: A study on Koyra Upazila of Bangladesh," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    3. Sarker, Md Nazirul Islam & Wu, Min & Alam, GM Monirul & Shouse, Roger C, 2020. "Livelihood resilience of riverine island dwellers in the face of natural disasters: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    4. Khan Rubayet Rahaman & Bishawjit Mallick & Rupkatha Priodarshini & Woakimul Islam Shakil & Md. Zakir Hossain, 2022. "COVID-19 Burdens on Livelihood Opportunities: A Study of Easy-Bike Drivers in Rangpur City, Bangladesh," World, MDPI, vol. 3(3), pages 1-14, July.
    5. Ann-Christine Link & Yuanzao Zhu & Raphael Karutz, 2021. "Quantification of Resilience Considering Different Migration Biographies: A Case Study of Pune, India," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-21, October.
    6. Zongxiang Wang & Wei Li & Jianwu Qi, 2022. "Evaluation and Strategic Response of Sustainable Livelihood Level of Farmers in Ecological Resettlement Area of the Upper Yellow River—A Case Study of Liujiaxia Reservoir Area, Gansu Province," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-25, December.
    7. Yuefang Duan & Shaopeng Chen & Yan Zeng & Xuetong Wang, 2023. "Factors That Influence the Livelihood Resilience of Flood Control Project Resettlers: Evidence from the Lower Yellow River, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-15, February.
    8. Bishawjit Mallick & Jochen Schanze, 2020. "Trapped or Voluntary? Non-Migration Despite Climate Risks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-6, June.
    9. Bimal Kanti Paul & Munshi Khaledur Rahman & Max Lu & Thomas W. Crawford, 2022. "Household Migration and Intentions for Future Migration in the Climate Change Vulnerable Lower Meghna Estuary of Coastal Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, April.
    10. Bhusal, Prabin & Kimengsi, Jude Ndzifon & Raj Awasthi, Kavi, 2021. "What drives environmental (Non-)migration around the Himalayan Region? Evidence from rural Nepal," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 23(C).
    11. Héctor Morales-Muñoz & Srijna Jha & Michelle Bonatti & Henryk Alff & Sabine Kurtenbach & Stefan Sieber, 2020. "Exploring Connections—Environmental Change, Food Security and Violence as Drivers of Migration—A Critical Review of Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-27, July.
    12. A. T. Shruthi Gopirajan & Praveen Kumar & P. K. Joshi, 2022. "Unraveling the complex and dynamic Himalayan socio-ecological systems: a systematic review," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 1532-1559, February.
    13. Sarker, Md Nazirul Islam & Wu, Min & Alam, GM Monirul & Shouse, Roger C, 2020. "Livelihood diversification in rural Bangladesh: Patterns and determinants in disaster prone riverine islands," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    14. Bishawjit Mallick & Chup Priovashini & Jochen Schanze, 2023. "“I can migrate, but why should I?”—voluntary non-migration despite creeping environmental risks," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-14, December.
    15. Guy Jackson, 2020. "The influence of emergency food aid on the causal disaster vulnerability of Indigenous food systems," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 37(3), pages 761-777, September.

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