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Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Plant Integrated with a Gas Heat Pump for Greenhouse Heating: A Mathematical Study

Author

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  • Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis

    (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Andrea Colantoni

    (Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

  • Simone Pascuzzi

    (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Francesco Santoro

    (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy)

Abstract

Nowadays, the traditional energy sources used for greenhouse heating are fossil fuels such as LPG, diesel and natural gas. The global energy demand will continue to grow and alternative technologies need to be developed in order to improve the sustainability of crop production in protected environments. Innovative solutions are represented by renewable energy plants such as photovoltaic, wind and geothermal integrated systems, however, these technologies need to be connected to the power grid in order to store the energy produced. On agricultural land, power grids are not widespread and stand-alone renewable energy systems should be investigated especially for greenhouse applications. The aim of this research is to analyze, by means of a mathematical model, the energy efficiency of a photovoltaic (8.2 kW), hydrogen (2.5 kW) and ground source gas heat pump (2.2 kW) integrated in a stand-alone system used for heating an experimental greenhouse tunnel (48 m 2 ) during the winter season. A yearlong energy performance analysis was conducted for three different types of greenhouse cover materials, a single layer polyethylene film, an air inflated-double layer polyethylene film, and a double acrylic or polycarbonate. The results of one year showed that the integrated system had a total energy efficiency of 14.6%. Starting from the electric energy supplied by the photovoltaic array, the total efficiency of the hydrogen and ground source gas heat pump system was 112% if the coefficient of the performance of the heat pump is equal to 5. The heating system increased the greenhouse air temperatures by 3–9 °C with respect to the external air temperatures, depending on the greenhouse cover material used.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis & Andrea Colantoni & Simone Pascuzzi & Francesco Santoro, 2018. "Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Plant Integrated with a Gas Heat Pump for Greenhouse Heating: A Mathematical Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:378-:d:129719
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anifantis, Alexandros Sotirios & Colantoni, Andrea & Pascuzzi, Simone, 2017. "Thermal energy assessment of a small scale photovoltaic, hydrogen and geothermal stand-alone system for greenhouse heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 115-127.
    2. Simone Pascuzzi & Francesco Santoro, 2017. "Analysis of the Almond Harvesting and Hulling Mechanization Process: A Case Study," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 7(12), pages 1-9, December.
    3. Simone Pascuzzi & Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis & Ileana Blanco & Giacomo Scarascia Mugnozza, 2016. "Electrolyzer Performance Analysis of an Integrated Hydrogen Power System for Greenhouse Heating. A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-15, July.
    4. Trypanagnostopoulos, G. & Kavga, A. & Souliotis, Μ. & Tripanagnostopoulos, Y., 2017. "Greenhouse performance results for roof installed photovoltaics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 724-731.
    5. Hassanien, Reda Hassanien Emam & Li, Ming & Dong Lin, Wei, 2016. "Advanced applications of solar energy in agricultural greenhouses," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 989-1001.
    6. Simone Pascuzzi & Francesco Santoro, 2017. "Analysis of Possible Noise Reduction Arrangements inside Olive Oil Mills: A Case Study," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-12, October.
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    Cited by:

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    12. Roselli, C. & Diglio, G. & Sasso, M. & Tariello, F., 2019. "A novel energy index to assess the impact of a solar PV-based ground source heat pump on the power grid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 488-500.
    13. Karol Tucki & Olga Orynycz & Remigiusz Mruk & Antoni Świć & Katarzyna Botwińska, 2019. "Modeling of Biofuel’s Emissivity for Fuel Choice Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-22, December.
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    16. Tao Huang & Hongqiang Li & Guoqiang Zhang & Feng Xu, 2020. "Experimental Study on Biomass Heating System in the Greenhouse: A Case Study in Xiangtan, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
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