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Distribution Characteristics, Regional Differences and Spatial Convergence of the Water-Energy-Land-Food Nexus: A Case Study of China

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  • Qiangyi Li

    (School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
    Development Institute of Zhujiang-Xijiang Economic Zone, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
    Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China)

  • Lan Yang

    (School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China)

  • Fangxin Jiang

    (School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China)

  • Yangqing Liu

    (School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China)

  • Chenyang Guo

    (School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China)

  • Shuya Han

    (School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China)

Abstract

Land use change affects the supply and demand of water, energy and food and the integration of land elements into the common water-energy-food (WEF) nexus, which is an effective way to strictly adhere to the bottom line of natural resources. First, this study used the entropy method and coupling coordination model to measure the coupling coordination degree of the water-energy-land-food (WELF) nexus in 30 provinces in China during the period of 2006–2019. Then, the regional differences and distribution dynamics were examined with the Dagum Gini coefficient and Kernel density estimation, respectively. Finally, the spatial correlation was analyzed using the global Moran’s I, and a spatial β convergence model was constructed to empirically test its spatial β convergence characteristics. The results show that the coupling coordination degree of the WELF nexus in most of the provinces was at the stage of barely coordinated, with a decreasing trend; the intensity of transvariation was the main source of regional differences in the coupling coordination degree of the WELF nexus, followed by intra-regional differences, while inter-regional differences were small. The national, eastern and central regions had a slight gradient effect, showing regional dispersion characteristics, albeit less obvious; there was a spatial absolute-β convergence and spatial conditional-β convergence nationally and in the three regions. On this basis, policy recommendations were made to realize the synergistic development of land planning, water resources allocation, energy utilization, and food production and to balance regional differences in resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Qiangyi Li & Lan Yang & Fangxin Jiang & Yangqing Liu & Chenyang Guo & Shuya Han, 2022. "Distribution Characteristics, Regional Differences and Spatial Convergence of the Water-Energy-Land-Food Nexus: A Case Study of China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-28, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:9:p:1543-:d:912751
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    1. Wenzhe Luo & Yanling Jiang & Yuansheng Chen & Zhigang Yu, 2023. "Coupling Coordination and Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Water-Land-Food Nexus: A Case Study of Hebei Province at a County-Level," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Ngarava, Saul, 2023. "Implications of land restitution as a Transformative Social Policy for Water-Energy-Food (WEF) insecurity in Magareng Local Municipality, South Africa," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).

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