IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v17y2024i6p233-d1408642.html

The Principle of Proportionality: Unraveling the Practical Application of Proportionality in the EU Regulations and the Solvency II Directive for Insurance Undertakings

Author

Listed:
  • Aaron Baldacchino

    (Department of Insurance and Risk Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accountancy, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta)

  • Simon Grima

    (Department of Insurance and Risk Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accountancy, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
    Faculty of Business, Management and Economics, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia)

  • Kiran Sood

    (Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
    Women Researchers Council (WRC), Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Istiglaliyyat Street 6, AZ1001 Baku, Azerbaijan
    Department of Finance and Banking, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Uşak, Uşak 64200, Turkey)

Abstract

Proportionality, pivotal to EU regulations and Solvency II, tailors rules to insurers’ size and complexity. Inconsistent application by supervisory authorities (NSAs) necessitates clarity to prevent undue costs. This study examines the issue via a review of the literature and industry discussions, emphasizing Solvency II’s introduction of proportionality and the varied interpretations it evokes. Transparent communication is crucial, and regulatory evolution must align with market dynamics, with the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) fostering convergence. Assessing proportionality mandates a comprehensive evaluation of an insurer’s nature, scale, and complexity. Regulatory distinctions between first-party and third-party risks could enhance market efficiency. Ultimately, a holistic, market-oriented approach is essential for proportionate regulation in the insurance sector, requiring concerted efforts to elucidate frameworks, foster transparency, and align regulatory evolution with market dynamics.

Suggested Citation

  • Aaron Baldacchino & Simon Grima & Kiran Sood, 2024. "The Principle of Proportionality: Unraveling the Practical Application of Proportionality in the EU Regulations and the Solvency II Directive for Insurance Undertakings," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-28, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:17:y:2024:i:6:p:233-:d:1408642
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/17/6/233/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/17/6/233/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Acosta-Smith, Jonathan & Grill, Michael & Lang, Jan Hannes, 2024. "The leverage ratio, risk-taking and bank stability," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    2. Marta Ostrowska, 2021. "Regulation of InsurTech: Is the Principle of Proportionality an Answer?," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-12, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Martynova, Natalya & Vogel, Ursula, 2022. "Banks’ complexity-risk nexus and the role of regulation," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    2. Majid Zubair Ahmed & Muhammad Akram, 2026. "Digitalization and Financial Stability: A Comparative Analysis of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Pakistan," Journal of Economic Sciences, Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Department of Economics, vol. 5(1), pages 49-70, January-J.
    3. Aditya Saxena & Dr Parizad Dungore, 2024. "Credit Risk Assessment Model for UAE Commercial Banks: A Machine Learning Approach," Papers 2407.12044, arXiv.org.
    4. Alexandra Popescu & Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, 2024. "Les analystes financiers et la vulnérabilité du secteur bancaire : état des lieux et perspectives de recherche," Post-Print hal-05007044, HAL.
    5. van Horen, Neeltje & Kotidis, Antonios, 2018. "Repo market functioning: The role of capital regulation," CEPR Discussion Papers 13090, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
    6. Ioana Neamtu & Quynh-Anh Vo, 2021. "Capital allocation, the leverage ratio requirement," Bank of England Staff Working Paper series 956, Bank of England.
    7. Cosma, Simona & Rimo, Giuseppe, 2024. "Redefining insurance through technology: Achievements and perspectives in Insurtech," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
    8. Pierre-Richard Agénor & Luiz A. Pereira da Silva, 2021. "Capital requirements, risk-taking and welfare in a growing economy," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 167-192, December.
    9. Raphaël Cardot-Martin & Fabien Labondance & Catherine Refait-Alexandre, 2022. "Capital ratios and banking crises in the European Union," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 172, pages 389-402.
    10. van der Plaat, Mark & Spierdijk, Laura, 2020. "Recourse, asymmetric information, and credit risk over the business cycle," MPRA Paper 104718, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Richard K. Crump & João A. C. Santos, 2018. "Review of New York Fed studies on the effects of post-crisis banking reforms," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue 24-2, pages 71-90.
    12. David Aikman & Andrew Haldane & Marc Hinterschweiger & Sujit Kapadia, 2018. "Rethinking financial stability," Bank of England Staff Working Paper series 712, Bank of England.
    13. Meng-Wen Wu & Chung-Hua Shen & Kuo-Jui Huang & Yi-Chun Lin, 2025. "Capital and liquidity creation: does the capital adequacy matter?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 65(4), pages 1327-1371, November.
    14. Ranaldo, Angelo & Schaffner, Patrick & Vasios, Michalis, 2021. "Regulatory effects on short-term interest rates," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(2), pages 750-770.
    15. Mariña Martínez-Malvar & Laura Baselga-Pascual, 2020. "Bank Risk Determinants in Latin America," Risks, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-20, September.
    16. Krause, Thomas & Sfrappini, Eleonora & Tonzer, Lena & Zgherea, Cristina, 2025. "How do EU banks’ funding costs respond to the CRD IV? An assessment based on the banking union directives database," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    17. Ozili, Peterson K, 2025. "Financial stability determinants in Nigeria: role of profitability, capital regulation, financial inclusion, inflation, unemployment and economic growth," MPRA Paper 125792, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Lukas Pfeifer, 2021. "Usability of capital buffers under a binding leverage ratio requirement," Occasional Publications - Chapters in Edited Volumes,, Czech National Bank, Research and Statistics Department.
    19. Müller, Carola, 2022. "Capital requirements, market structure, and heterogeneous banks," IWH Discussion Papers 15/2022, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    20. Thomas Richter, 2021. "Central Counterparties and Liquidity Provision in Cash Markets," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-26, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:17:y:2024:i:6:p:233-:d:1408642. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.