IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i3p2562-d1052907.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Applying a Goal-Directed Behavior Model to Determine Risk Perception of COVID-19 and War on Potential Travelers’ Behavioral Intentions

Author

Listed:
  • Taeuk Kim

    (Department of Hotel & Restaurant Management, Kyonggi University, Seoul 03746, Republic of Korea)

  • Jungwoo Ha

    (Department of Tourism Event Management, Kyonggi University, Seoul 03746, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of the relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and the war-applied Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB) based on stimulus–organism–response (SOR) and potential travelers’ behavioral intention. In addition, this study attempted to verify the relationship among uncertainty toward international travel, mental well-being toward international travel, and desire toward travelers’ behavioral intention. Moreover, we examined the moderating effect of gender (female vs. male) among all variables for dependents. The survey was conducted on potential travelers in Korea. As for the survey period, a survey was conducted for one month beginning on 2 September 2022. Of the total 413 surveys, 361 surveys were used for the final analysis, and 52 unfaithful surveys were excluded. In addition, demographic, CFA, correlation analysis, structural equation modeling, and moderation effect analysis were verified using SPSS and AMOS. For the data analysis, we used SPSS 18.0 and Amos 20.0 to perform factor analysis and SEM. Significant effects were found in support for Hypotheses 1–5. Further, when it comes to the difference of gender on the relationship between all the variables, while no significant effect was found for Hypotheses 6a,c,e,g, a significant effect was found for Hypotheses 6b,d,f. Thus, H6a,c,e were rejected and H6b,d,f were supported. It was found that females had a greater influence on mental health and desire for overseas travel than males, but it was found that there was no difference between females and males in the relationship between desire and behavioral intention. Therefore, it was possible to verify that the MGB desire is an important psychological variable for both females and males. Furthermore, these findings offer academic practical implications to travel and tourism companies by presenting basic data based on the results of empirical research analysis in the context of the current dangerous situation.

Suggested Citation

  • Taeuk Kim & Jungwoo Ha, 2023. "Applying a Goal-Directed Behavior Model to Determine Risk Perception of COVID-19 and War on Potential Travelers’ Behavioral Intentions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2562-:d:1052907
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2562/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2562/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Imas Chandra Pratiwi & Santi Novani, 2022. "Examining Factors Influencing People’S Intention To Staycation During Covid-19: An Extended Model Of Goal-Directed Behaviour," Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol. 28(2), pages 361-380, August.
    2. T. Perko & B. Adam & K.R. Stassen, 2015. "The differences in perception of radiological risks: lay people versus new and experienced employees in the nuclear sector," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(1), pages 40-54, January.
    3. Jennifer E. C. Lee & Louise Lemyre, 2009. "A Social‐Cognitive Perspective of Terrorism Risk Perception and Individual Response in Canada," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(9), pages 1265-1280, September.
    4. Hui Zhu & Fumin Deng, 2020. "How to Influence Rural Tourism Intention by Risk Knowledge during COVID-19 Containment in China: Mediating Role of Risk Perception and Attitude," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-23, May.
    5. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    6. Abel, Martin & Brown, Willa, 2022. "Prosocial behavior in the time of COVID-19: The effect of private and public role models," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    7. Heesup Han & Amr Al-Ansi & Bee-Lia Chua & Beenish Tariq & Aleksandar Radic & Su-hyun Park, 2020. "The Post-Coronavirus World in the International Tourism Industry: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Safer Destination Choices in the Case of US Outbound Tourism," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-15, September.
    8. Bagozzi, Richard P. & Yi, Youjae & Nassen, Kent D., 1998. "Representation of measurement error in marketing variables: Review of approaches and extension to three-facet designs," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 89(1-2), pages 393-421, November.
    9. Powell, Melanie & Ansic, David, 1997. "Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 18(6), pages 605-628, November.
    10. Song, HakJun & You, Geun-Jun & Reisinger, Yvette & Lee, Choong-Ki & Lee, Seung-Kon, 2014. "Behavioral intention of visitors to an Oriental medicine festival: An extended model of goal directed behavior," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 101-113.
    11. Yeganeh Morakabati & John Fletcher & Bruce Prideaux, 2012. "Tourism Development in a Difficult Environment: A Study of Consumer Attitudes, Travel Risk Perceptions and the Termination of Demand," Tourism Economics, , vol. 18(5), pages 953-969, October.
    12. Benedetta Barchielli & Clarissa Cricenti & Francesca Gallè & Elita Anna Sabella & Fabrizio Liguori & Giovanna Da Molin & Giorgio Liguori & Giovanni Battista Orsi & Anna Maria Giannini & Stefano Ferrac, 2022. "Climate Changes, Natural Resources Depletion, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Russian-Ukrainian War: What Is the Impact on Habits Change and Mental Health?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-18, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Qu, Yi & Khan, Jashim & Su, Yuyang & Tong, Jiao & Zhao, Shuo, 2023. "Impulse buying tendency in live-stream commerce: The role of viewing frequency and anticipated emotions influencing scarcity-induced purchase decision," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mohd Azhar & Sehar Nafees & Sujood & Sheeba Hamid, 2023. "Understanding post-pandemic travel intention toward rural destinations by expanding the theory of planned behavior (TPB)," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, December.
    2. Qiong Dang, 2022. "Research on the Impact of Media Credibility on Risk Perception of COVID-19 and the Sustainable Travel Intention of Chinese Residents Based on an Extended TPB Model in the Post-Pandemic Context," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-16, July.
    3. Wei Zheng & Hongliang Qiu & Alastair M. Morrison & Wei Wei & Xihua Zhang, 2022. "Landscape and Unique Fascination: A Dual-Case Study on the Antecedents of Tourist Pro-Environmental Behavioral Intentions," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-20, March.
    4. Songhong Chen & Jian Ming Luo, 2023. "Understand Delegates Risk Attitudes and Behaviour: The Moderating Effect of Trust in COVID-19 Vaccination," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-18, February.
    5. Verheul, Ingrid & Thurik, Roy & Grilo, Isabel & van der Zwan, Peter, 2012. "Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: Gender and the entrepreneurial personality," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 325-341.
    6. Meng, Bo & Choi, Kyuhwan, 2016. "The role of authenticity in forming slow tourists' intentions: Developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 397-410.
    7. Riané Dalziel, 2019. "Influence of celebrities and salespeople on female Generation Y students? attitudes towards beauty products," Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 9912337, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    8. Chaojun Li & Xinjia Huang, 2022. "How Does COVID-19 Risk Perception Affect Wellness Tourist Intention: Findings on Chinese Generation Z," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-20, December.
    9. Chung-Te Ting & Chi-Ming Hsieh & Hsiao-Ping Chang & Han-Shen Chen, 2019. "Environmental Consciousness and Green Customer Behavior: The Moderating Roles of Incentive Mechanisms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-16, February.
    10. Wei Quan & Jichul Jang & Aleksandar Radic & Antonio Ariza-Montes & Heesup Han, 2023. "Safe Destination Choice Among Tourism-Product Consumers in the New Era of Tourism," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, October.
    11. Anna Jęczmyk & Jarosław Uglis & Jan Zawadka & Joanna Pietrzak-Zawadka & Monika Małgorzata Wojcieszak-Zbierska & Magdalena Kozera-Kowalska, 2023. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Travel Risk Perception and Travel Behaviour: A Case Study of Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-20, April.
    12. Organ, Kate & Koenig-Lewis, Nicole & Palmer, Adrian & Probert, Jane, 2015. "Festivals as agents for behaviour change: A study of food festival engagement and subsequent food choices," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 84-99.
    13. Huseyin Arasli & Maryam Abdullahi & Tugrul Gunay, 2021. "Social Media as a Destination Marketing Tool for a Sustainable Heritage Festival in Nigeria: A Moderated Mediation Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-27, May.
    14. Bijun Li & Yeongbae Choe & Sangguk Kang & Jaeseok Lee, 2025. "Sustainable Event Tourism: Risk Perception and Preventive Measures in On-Site Attendance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-23, April.
    15. Tanveer, Umair & Agung Sahara, Shara Nica & Kremantzis, Marios & Ishaq, Shamaila, 2025. "Integrating circular economy principles into a modified theory of Planned Behaviour: Exploring customer intentions and experiences with collaborative consumption on Airbnb," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    16. Pengfei Zhao & Lingxiang Wei & Dong Pan & Jincheng Yang & Yuchuan Ji, 2023. "Analysis of Key Factors Affecting Low-Carbon Travel Behaviors of Urban Residents in Developing Countries: A Case Study in Zhenjiang, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, March.
    17. Yanjing Gao & Lijun Chen, 2022. "Impact of COVID-19 Risk Perception on Residents’ Behavioural Intention towards Forest Therapy Tourism," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-18, September.
    18. Dianne H. B. Welsh & Eugene Kaciak & Caroline Minialai, 2017. "The influence of perceived management skills and perceived gender discrimination in launch decisions by women entrepreneurs," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 1-33, March.
    19. McMorrow Jake & Esfahani Mona Seyed, 2021. "An Exploration into People’s Perception and Intention on using Cryptocurrencies," HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, Sciendo, vol. 12(2), pages 109-144, August.
    20. Eeman Almokdad & Kiattipoom Kiatkawsin & Chung Hun Lee, 2023. "Antecedents of Booster Vaccine Intention for Domestic and International Travel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-18, April.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2562-:d:1052907. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.