IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i12p7243-d837794.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?

Author

Listed:
  • Gennaro Apollaro

    (Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy)

  • Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira

    (Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-592, Brazil
    Tech4Fight Sports Technology, Rio de Janeiro 21941-850, Brazil)

  • Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez

    (Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain)

  • Verónica Morales-Sánchez

    (Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain)

  • Coral Falcó

    (Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway)

Abstract

Although research on the effect of color in taekwondo has involved several international competitions, no previous study has investigated the presence of this phenomenon in national-level competitions. The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the color protectors and success in 1155 taekwondo matches of the Italian and Uzbekistan Senior Championships (ITA-SC and UZB-SC) (2019 and 2021). The results showed no relationship between the color protectors and the match outcome, in both ITA-SC and UZB-SC ( p = 0.71, V = 0.01; p = 0.61, V = 0.02). Moreover, no relationship emerged between the color protectors and the match outcome in the four editions of the SC. Stratifying analyses by weight category and sex, males showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 3 and 1 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Contrary, females showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 1 and 3 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Analyzing the two national contexts found that, in both the Italian and Uzbek contexts, matches in 2 and 2 of 16 weight categories were won by athletes wearing blue and red protectors, respectively. Significant relationships emerged between the color blue and winning the match with small asymmetry in the men’s UZB-SC and between the color red and winning the match with large asymmetry in the female ITA-SC. The implementation of the electronic point recording system for the body and head has had a positive impact on fairness in national taekwondo competitions, did not detect any effect of color related to cultural context, and did not allow for the color red to tip the scales between losing and winning in matches between athletes of similar ability and strength.

Suggested Citation

  • Gennaro Apollaro & Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira & Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez & Verónica Morales-Sánchez & Coral Falcó, 2022. "The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7243-:d:837794
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/12/7243/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/12/7243/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Russell A. Hill & Robert A. Barton, 2005. "Red enhances human performance in contests," Nature, Nature, vol. 435(7040), pages 293-293, May.
    2. Merce Barrientos & Miguel A. Saavedra-García & Rafael Arriaza-Loureda & Cristina Menescardi & Juan J. Fernández-Romero, 2021. "An Updated Technical–Tactical Categorisation in Taekwondo: From General Tactical Objectives to Combat Situations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.
    3. Candy Rowe & Julie M. Harris & S. Craig Roberts, 2005. "Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context," Nature, Nature, vol. 437(7063), pages 10-10, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. KAUFMANN, Wesley & VAN WITTELOOSTUIJN, Arjen & BOONE, Christophe, 2009. "Colorful economics: Seeing red in a prisoner's dilemma game," ACED Working Papers 2009007, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    2. KAUFMANN, Wesley & VAN WITTELOOSTUIJN, Arjen & BOONE, Christophe, 2009. "Colorful economics: Seeing red in a prisoner's dilemma game," Working Papers 2009017, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    3. Kliger, Doron & Gilad, Dalia, 2012. "Red light, green light: Color priming in financial decisions," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 41(5), pages 738-745.
    4. Kareklas, Ioannis & Muehling, Darrel D. & King, Skyler, 2019. "The effect of color and self-view priming in persuasive communications," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 33-49.
    5. Hopfensitz, Astrid & Mantilla, Cesar, 2019. "Emotional expressions by sports teams: An analysis of World Cup soccer player portraits," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 75(PB).
    6. Ma, Marshall Xiaoyin & Noussair, Charles N. & Renneboog, Luc, 2022. "Colors, Emotions, and the Auction Value of Paintings," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    7. Saeideh Bakhshi & Eric Gilbert, 2015. "Red, Purple and Pink: The Colors of Diffusion on Pinterest," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(2), pages 1-20, February.
    8. Marie-Laure Cabon-Dhersin & Nathalie Etchart-Vincent, 2013. "Cooperation: The Power Of A Single Word? Some Experimental Evidence On Wording And Gender Effects In A Game Of Chicken," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 65(1), pages 43-64, January.
    9. Arrondel, Luc & Duhautois, Richard & Laslier, Jean-François, 2019. "Decision under psychological pressure: The shooter's anxiety at the penalty kick," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 22-35.
    10. Tengxiao Zhang & Buxin Han, 2014. "Experience Reverses the Red Effect among Chinese Stockbrokers," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-4, February.
    11. Stijn Baert & Simon Amez, 2018. "No better moment to score a goal than just before half time? A soccer myth statistically tested," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, March.
    12. Marco Piatti & David A.Savage & Benno Torgler, 2009. "The Red Mist? Red Shirts, Success and Team Sports," School of Economics and Finance Discussion Papers and Working Papers Series 249, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, revised 17 Dec 2010.
    13. ASHRAF TAG-ELDEEN & ISLAM SALEM & Engelbert Falafel, 2017. "The Influence of Physical Work Environment on Hotel Back-of-the House Employees’ Satisfaction and Productivity: A Case Study on Hilton Hotels," Tourism Research Institute, Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 18(1), pages 44-65, November.
    14. Barbara Ester Adele Piga & Gabriele Stancato & Nicola Rainisio & Marco Boffi, 2021. "How Do Nature-Based Solutions’ Color Tones Influence People’s Emotional Reaction? An Assessment via Virtual and Augmented Reality in a Participatory Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-25, December.
    15. Miguel Garcia-Rubio & Andres Picazo-Tadeo & Francisco Gonzalez-Gomez, 2011. "Does a red shirt improve sporting performance? Evidence from Spanish football," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(11), pages 1001-1004.
    16. van Esch, Patrick & Heller, Jonas & Northey, Gavin, 2019. "The effects of inner packaging color on the desirability of food," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 94-102.
    17. Anya Theis & Tania Bosia & Tobias Roth & Walter Salzburger & Bernd Egger, 2015. "Egg-spot pattern and body size asymmetries influence male aggression in haplochromine cichlid fishes," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 26(6), pages 1512-1519.
    18. Kocher, Martin G. & Sutter, Matthias, 2010. "Introduction to special issue "The Economics and Psychology of Football"," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 155-157, April.
    19. Yi Wang & Wing-Kai Lam & Cheuk-Hei Cheung & Aaron Kam-Lun Leung, 2020. "Effect of Red Arch-Support Insoles on Subjective Comfort and Movement Biomechanics in Various Landing Heights," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-12, April.
    20. Puccinelli, Nancy M. & Chandrashekaran, Rajesh & Grewal, Dhruv & Suri, Rajneesh, 2013. "Are Men Seduced by Red? The Effect of Red Versus Black Prices on Price Perceptions," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 115-125.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7243-:d:837794. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.