IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i13p3111-d1421151.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Renewable Adoption, Energy Reliance, and CO 2 Emissions: A Comparison of Developed and Developing Economies

Author

Listed:
  • Zhaoming Bi

    (International Business and Financial Management, Internet Business School, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China)

  • Renyu Guo

    (Faculty of International Tourism and Management, City University of Macau, Macau, China)

  • Rabnawaz Khan

    (International Business and Financial Management, Internet Business School, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China)

Abstract

Emerging economies and ecosystems rely heavily on fossil fuels, and a country’s energy dependence is a strong indicator of its reliance on foreign suppliers. This study investigates the impact of energy dependence on energy intensity, CO 2 emission intensity, and the exploitation of renewable resources in 35 developing and 20 developed nations. It also explores the correlation between renewable energy, GDP growth, and CO 2 emissions. This study utilizes the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and the Robust Least Squares (RLS) method to investigate the negative correlation between renewable energy and policymakers in established and emerging economies. It also employs distinctive linear panel estimation techniques spanning from 1970 to 2022. This study examines the impact of renewable energy on economic growth, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions across four continents. Developing countries see an increase in per capita CO 2 emissions when their utilization of renewable energy exceeds their capacity. Even with the introduction of several proxies for renewable energy use using changed techniques, this discovery remains valid. Moreover, this is particularly crucial for industrialized nations with well-established institutions. Energy dependency has increased the energy and carbon intensity needed for expansion across all components, which is surprising. The regional study discovered a spillover impact in most regions, indicating that the consequences of energy reliance are similar in neighboring countries. Regional energy exchange unions play a vital role in reducing the adverse environmental and economic impacts of energy dependence, which is essential for the growth of the renewable energy sector and the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Undeveloped countries need to enhance their investment in research and development to advance technologically.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhaoming Bi & Renyu Guo & Rabnawaz Khan, 2024. "Renewable Adoption, Energy Reliance, and CO 2 Emissions: A Comparison of Developed and Developing Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-28, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:13:p:3111-:d:1421151
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/13/3111/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/13/3111/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. You, Wanhai & Lv, Zhike, 2018. "Spillover effects of economic globalization on CO2 emissions: A spatial panel approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 248-257.
    2. José Castro Oliveira & Manuel Carlos Nogueira & Mara Madaleno, 2023. "Do the Reduction of Traditional Energy Consumption and the Acceleration of the Energy Transition Bring Economic Benefits to South America?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-15, July.
    3. Kaika, Dimitra & Zervas, Efthimios, 2013. "The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory. Part B: Critical issues," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1403-1411.
    4. Bekhet, Hussain Ali & Othman, Nor Salwati, 2018. "The role of renewable energy to validate dynamic interaction between CO2 emissions and GDP toward sustainable development in Malaysia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 47-61.
    5. Khan, Anwar & Min, Jialin & Hassan Shah, Wasi Ul & Li, Qianwen & Sun, Chuanwang, 2024. "Efficacy of CO2 emission reduction strategies by countries pursuing energy efficiency, nuclear power, and renewable electricity," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    6. Patrícia Hipólito Leal & António Cardoso Marques, 2020. "Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 164, pages 36-47.
    7. Rehman, Faheem Ur & Islam, Md. Monirul & Raza, Syed Ali, 2023. "Does disaggregate energy consumption matter to export sophistication and diversification in OECD countries? A robust panel model analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 274-284.
    8. Jahanger, Atif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Usman, Muhammad & Chukwuma Onwe, Joshua, 2023. "Recent scenario and nexus between natural resource dependence, energy use and pollution cycles in BRICS region: Does the mediating role of human capital exist?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    9. Shittu, Waliu & Adedoyin, Festus Fatai & Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim & Musibau, Hammed Oluwaseyi, 2021. "An investigation of the nexus between natural resources, environmental performance, energy security and environmental degradation: Evidence from Asia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    10. Jiang, Qingquan & Khattak, Shoukat Iqbal & Rahman, Zia Ur, 2021. "Measuring the simultaneous effects of electricity consumption and production on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) in China: New evidence from an EKC-based assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    11. Li, Wenqing & Qiao, Yuanbo & Li, Xiao & Wang, Yutao, 2022. "Energy consumption, pollution haven hypothesis, and Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the environment–economy link in belt and road initiative countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    12. Aslan, Alper & Ilhan, Ozturk & Usama, Al-Mulali & Savranlar, Buket & Polat, Melike Atay & Metawa, Noura & Raboshuk, Alina, 2024. "Effect of economic policy uncertainty on CO2 with the discrimination of renewable and non renewable energy consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    13. Khan, Rabnawaz, 2023. "The impact of a new techno-nationalism era on eco-economic decoupling," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    14. Sung, Bongsuk & Song, Woo-Yong & Park, Sang-Do, 2018. "How foreign direct investment affects CO2 emission levels in the Chinese manufacturing industry: Evidence from panel data," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 320-331.
    15. Leal, Patrícia Hipólito & Marques, António Cardoso, 2020. "Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 36-47.
    16. Khan Rabnawaz & Kong YuSheng, 2020. "Effects of Energy Consumption on GDP: New Evidence of 24 Countries on Their Natural Resources and Production of Electricity," Ekonomika (Economics), Sciendo, vol. 99(1), pages 26-49, June.
    17. Chang, Tsangyao & Hsu, Chen-Min & Chen, Sheng-Tung & Wang, Mei-Chih & Wu, Cheng-Feng, 2023. "Revisiting economic growth and CO2 emissions nexus in Taiwan using a mixed-frequency VAR model," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 319-342.
    18. Alvarado, Rafael & Murshed, Muntasir & Cifuentes-Faura, Javier & Işık, Cem & Razib Hossain, Mohammad & Tillaguango, Brayan, 2023. "Nexuses between rent of natural resources, economic complexity, and technological innovation: The roles of GDP, human capital and civil liberties," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    19. Kangyin Dong & Xiucheng Dong & Qingzhe Jiang, 2020. "How renewable energy consumption lower global CO2 emissions? Evidence from countries with different income levels," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(6), pages 1665-1698, June.
    20. Chiu, Yi-Bin & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2020. "Effects of financial development on energy consumption: The role of country risks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    21. Wang, Zhaohua & Pham, Thi Le Hoa & Sun, Kaining & Wang, Bo & Bui, Quocviet & Hashemizadeh, Ali, 2022. "The moderating role of financial development in the renewable energy consumption - CO2 emissions linkage: The case study of Next-11 countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    22. Doytch, Nadia & Narayan, Seema, 2016. "Does FDI influence renewable energy consumption? An analysis of sectoral FDI impact on renewable and non-renewable industrial energy consumption," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 291-301.
    23. Wang, Yuxuan & Sun, Tianye, 2012. "Life cycle assessment of CO2 emissions from wind power plants: Methodology and case studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 30-36.
    24. Tang, Qianning & Shahla, Rzayeva & Leyla, Aliyeva & Sevinj, Huseynova, 2023. "Moderating role of carbon emission and institutional stability on renewable energy across developing countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 413-419.
    25. Apergis, Nicholas & Payne, James E. & Menyah, Kojo & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2010. "On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 2255-2260, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Valery Okulich-Kazarin & Artem Artyukhov & Łukasz Skowron & Tomasz Wołowiec, 2024. "The Crossroads of the Knowledge Economy and Renewable Energy: Recommendations for Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-27, December.
    2. Wei Deng & Qingquan Liang & Shuai Yan & Xiaodan Shen & Lan Yi, 2024. "Heterogeneity Analysis of Regional Greenhouse Gas Driving Effects: An Empirical Study from Southeast Asian Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-22, November.
    3. Faouzi Boujedra & Mehdi Ben Jebli, 2025. "Unraveling the interaction effect between the educated labor force and patent applications on environmental quality in OECD countries: investigation of N-shaped EKC hypothesis," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 178(1), pages 1-25, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang Jie & Rabnawaz Khan, 2024. "Breaking the CO 2 Gridlock: Can Renewables Lead the Way for the OECD?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-29, September.
    2. Faik Bilgili & Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente & Sevda Kuşkaya & Mohammed Alnour & Seyit Önderol & Mohammad Enamul Hoque, 2024. "Are research and development on energy efficiency and energy sources effective in the level of CO2 emissions? Fresh evidence from EU data," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(9), pages 24183-24219, September.
    3. Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik & Ghosh, Sudeshna & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday, 2023. "Renewable energy effect on economy and environment: The case of G7 countries through novel bootstrap rolling window approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    4. Sun, Yunpeng & Li, Tonxin & Mehmood, Usman, 2025. "Balancing acts: Assessing the roles of renewable energy, economic complexity, Fintech, green finance, green growth, and economic performance in G-20 countries amidst sustainability efforts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 378(PA).
    5. Arsalan Tanveer & Huaming Song & Muhammad Faheem & Abdul Daud & Noreen Safdar, 2024. "Navigating the asymmetric influence of financial inclusion on environmental sustainability: Dynamic role of energy consumption and human capital," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(6), pages 3087-3115, September.
    6. Atif Jahanger & Bo Yang & Wei-Chiao Huang & Muntasir Murshed & Muhammad Usman & Magdalena Radulescu, 2023. "Dynamic linkages between globalization, human capital, and carbon dioxide emissions: empirical evidence from developing economies," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(9), pages 9307-9335, September.
    7. Wang, Yafei & Liao, Meng & Wang, Yafei & Xu, Lixiao & Malik, Arunima, 2021. "The impact of foreign direct investment on China's carbon emissions through energy intensity and emissions trading system," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    8. Kahia, Montassar & Moulahi, Tarek & Mahfoudhi, Sami & Boubaker, Sabri & Omri, Anis, 2022. "A machine learning process for examining the linkage among disaggregated energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    9. Tan, Yan & Uprasen, Utai, 2022. "The effect of foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption subject to the moderating effect of environmental regulation: Evidence from the BRICS countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P2), pages 135-149.
    10. Yasir Khan & Hana Oubaih & Taimoor Hassan, 2024. "Assessing the Role of Energy Depletion and Energy Import with Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Belt and Road Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 7852-7872, June.
    11. Abdulrasheed Zakari & Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau, 2024. "Sustainable economic development in OECD countries: Does energy security matter?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 1337-1353, February.
    12. Patrícia Hipólito Leal & Rafaela Vital Caetano & António Cardoso Marques, 2021. "Is the Relocation of Polluting Industries Prompted by FDI Flow and Stock, Globalisation, Corruption and Regulation?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-30, February.
    13. Wei Wang & Leonid Melnyk & Oleksandra Kubatko & Bohdan Kovalov & Luc Hens, 2023. "Economic and Technological Efficiency of Renewable Energy Technologies Implementation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, May.
    14. Namahoro, J.P. & Wu, Q. & Su, H., 2023. "Wind energy, industrial-economic development and CO2 emissions nexus: Do droughts matter?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    15. Feng, Yanchao & Sabir, Saeed Ahmad & Quddus, Abdul & Wang, Jianxin & Abbas, Shujaat, 2024. "Do the grey clouds of geopolitical risk and political globalization exacerbate environmental degradation? Evidence from resource-rich countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    16. Li, Aimin & Zhou, Shuyu, 2024. "Role of mineral-based industrialization in promoting economic growth: Implications for achieving environmental sustainability through financial management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    17. Monica Jaison & Althaf Shajahan, 2024. "Lights and the Invisibles: towards a regional/sector-wise policy approach exploring India’s economy–environment trade-offs," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 291-332, March.
    18. Kangyin Dong & Xiucheng Dong & Qingzhe Jiang, 2020. "How renewable energy consumption lower global CO2 emissions? Evidence from countries with different income levels," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(6), pages 1665-1698, June.
    19. Hossain, Md. Emran & Islam, Md. Sayemul & Bandyopadhyay, Arunava & Awan, Ashar & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Rej, Soumen, 2022. "Mexico at the crossroads of natural resource dependence and COP26 pledge: Does technological innovation help?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    20. Vo, Duc Hong & Vo, Anh The & Ho, Chi Minh & Nguyen, Ha Minh, 2020. "The role of renewable energy, alternative and nuclear energy in mitigating carbon emissions in the CPTPP countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 278-292.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:13:p:3111-:d:1421151. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.