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Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany

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  • Felix Guthoff

    (Institute of Energy Economics and Rational Energy Use (IER), University of Stuttgart, DE-70565 Stuttgart, Germany)

  • Nikolai Klempp

    (Institute of Energy Economics and Rational Energy Use (IER), University of Stuttgart, DE-70565 Stuttgart, Germany)

  • Kai Hufendiek

    (Institute of Energy Economics and Rational Energy Use (IER), University of Stuttgart, DE-70565 Stuttgart, Germany)

Abstract

Electrification offers an opportunity to decarbonize the transport sector, but it might also increase the need for flexibility options in the energy system, as the uncoordinated charging process of battery electric vehicles ( BEV ) can lead to a demand with high simultaneity. However, coordinating BEV charging by means of smart charging control can also offer substantial flexibility potential. This potential is limited by restrictions resulting from individual mobility behavior and preferences. It cannot be assumed that storage capacity will be available at times when the impact of additional flexibility potential is highest from a systemic point of view. Hence, it is important to determine the flexibility available per vehicle in high temporal (and spatial) resolution. Therefore, in this paper a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulation is carried out based on a vast empirical data set to quantify mobility profiles as accurately as possible and to subsequently derive charging load profiles. An hourly flexibility potential is derived and integrated as load shift potential into a linear optimization model for the simultaneous cost-optimal calculation of the dispatch of technology options and long-term capacity planning to meet a given electricity demand. It is shown that the costs induced by BEV charging are largely determined by the profile costs from the combination of the profiles of charging load and renewable generation, and not only by the additional energy and capacity demand. If the charging process can be flexibly controlled, the storage requirement can be reduced and generation from renewable energies can be better integrated.

Suggested Citation

  • Felix Guthoff & Nikolai Klempp & Kai Hufendiek, 2021. "Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2383-:d:541482
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maximilian Schulz & Kai Hufendiek, 2021. "Discussing the Actual Impact of Optimizing Cost and GHG Emission Minimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Distributed Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-20, February.
    2. Hirth, Lion & Ueckerdt, Falko & Edenhofer, Ottmar, 2015. "Integration costs revisited – An economic framework for wind and solar variability," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 925-939.
    3. Ueckerdt, Falko & Hirth, Lion & Luderer, Gunnar & Edenhofer, Ottmar, 2013. "System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 61-75.
    4. Stavros Lazarou & Vasiliki Vita & Christos Christodoulou & Lambros Ekonomou, 2018. "Calculating Operational Patterns for Electric Vehicle Charging on a Real Distribution Network Based on Renewables’ Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, September.
    5. Kristoffersen, Trine Krogh & Capion, Karsten & Meibom, Peter, 2011. "Optimal charging of electric drive vehicles in a market environment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1940-1948, May.
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    1. Julia Hildermeier & Jaap Burger & Andreas Jahn & Jan Rosenow, 2022. "A Review of Tariffs and Services for Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Amra Jahic & Felix Heider & Maik Plenz & Detlef Schulz, 2022. "Flexibility Quantification and the Potential for Its Usage in the Case of Electric Bus Depots with Unidirectional Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, May.

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