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An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective

Author

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  • Hoora Mazaheri

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Hwai Chyuan Ong

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • Zeynab Amini

    (Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia)

  • Haji Hassan Masjuki

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia)

  • M. Mofijur

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia)

  • Chia Hung Su

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan)

  • Irfan Anjum Badruddin

    (Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia)

  • T.M. Yunus Khan

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Hoora Mazaheri & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Zeynab Amini & Haji Hassan Masjuki & M. Mofijur & Chia Hung Su & Irfan Anjum Badruddin & T.M. Yunus Khan, 2021. "An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-23, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:3950-:d:586884
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Nahas, Lea & Dahdah, Eliane & Aouad, Samer & El Khoury, Bilal & Gennequin, Cedric & Abi Aad, Edmond & Estephane, Jane, 2023. "Highly efficient scallop seashell-derived catalyst for biodiesel production from sunflower and waste cooking oils: Reaction kinetics and effect of calcination temperature studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 1086-1095.
    3. Torkzaban, Sama & Feyzi, Mostafa & norouzi, Leila, 2022. "A novel robust CaO/ZnFe2O4 hollow magnetic microspheres heterogenous catalyst for synthesis biodiesel from waste frying sunflower oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 996-1007.
    4. Hwai Chyuan Ong & Adi Kusmayadi & Nor Aishah Saidina Amin, 2023. "Biomass Energy for Environmental Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-3, March.
    5. Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas & Normaliza Normaliza & Elva Dianis Novia Anisa & Haniif Prasetiawan & Dhoni Hartanto & Harumi Veny & Fazlena Hamzah & Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi, 2022. "Synthesis of Biodiesel via Interesterification Reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil and Ethyl Acetate over Lipase Catalyst: Experimental and Surface Response Methodology Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-14, October.
    6. Xiong, Jianyun & Zhang, Shumei & Fan, Liangliang & Zhang, Qi & Cui, Xian & Ke, Linyao & Zeng, Yuan & Wu, Qiuhao & Cobb, Kirk & Liu, Yuhuan & Ruan, Roger & Wang, Yunpu, 2023. "Production of bio-oil from waste cooking oil via microwave-assisted pyrolysis in the presence of waste eggshell CaO and HZSM-5: Process optimization and catalyst lifetime exploration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    7. Zhenghui Weng & Yuanzhe Tao & Haotian Fei & Weishan Deng & Yiyao Chen & Zhiqi Zhao & Xiaojiang Liang & Yong Nie, 2023. "Green Production of Biodiesel from High Acid Value Oil via Glycerol Esterification and Transesterification Catalyzed by Nano Hydrated Eggshell-Derived CaO," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-16, September.

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