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Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)—Review

Author

Listed:
  • Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan

    (Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), Department of Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA)

  • Abolghasem Shahbazi

    (Biological Engineering Program, Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Masoud Kazem-Rostami

    (Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA)

  • Matthew Scott Todd

    (Biological Engineering Program, Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Arnab Bhowmik

    (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Lijun Wang

    (Biological Engineering Program, Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

Abstract

Cannabis plant has long been execrated by law in different nations due to the psychoactive properties of only a few cannabinoids. Recent scientific advances coupled with growing public awareness of cannabinoids as a medical commodity drove legislation change and brought about a historic transition where the demand rose over ten-fold in less than five years. On the other hand, the technology required for cannabis processing and the extraction of the most valuable chemical compounds from the cannabis flower remains the bottleneck of processing technology. This paper sheds light on the downstream processing steps and principles involved in producing cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp) biomass. By categorizing the extraction technology into seed and trichome, we examined and critiqued different pretreatment methods and technological options available for large-scale extraction in both categories. Solvent extraction methods being the main focus, the critical decision-making parameters in each stage, and the applicable current technologies in the field, were discussed. We further examined the factors affecting the cannabinoid transformation that changes the medical functionality of the final cannabinoid products. Based on the current trends, the extraction technologies are continuously being revised and enhanced, yet they still fail to keep up with market demands.

Suggested Citation

  • Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan & Abolghasem Shahbazi & Masoud Kazem-Rostami & Matthew Scott Todd & Arnab Bhowmik & Lijun Wang, 2021. "Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)—Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:11:y:2021:i:5:p:384-:d:542235
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mark, Tyler & Shepherd, Jonathan & Olson, David & Snell, William & Proper, Susan & Thornsbury, Suzanne, 2020. "Economic Viability of Industrial Hemp in the United States: A Review of State Pilot Programs," Economic Information Bulletin 302486, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    2. Ifeoluwa Adesina & Arnab Bhowmik & Harmandeep Sharma & Abolghasem Shahbazi, 2020. "A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-15, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Obed Quaicoe & Fafanyo Asiseh & Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen, 2023. "Qualitative Analysis of Industrial Hemp Production, Markets, and Sustainability in North Carolina, United States," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-19, April.

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