IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/transb/v192y2025ics0191261524002406.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Parking reservation scheme in a commuting system with shared autonomous vehicles and parking space constraint

Author

Listed:
  • Tang, Zhe-Yi
  • Tian, Li-Jun
  • Liu, Peng
  • Huang, Hai-Jun

Abstract

This study examines the effects of parking reservation schemes on travel choices and flow distribution in a commuting system comprising regular vehicles (RVs) and shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs), when faced with limited parking spaces. All possible departure patterns under three parking reservation schemes are explored, involving unreserved and reserved RV commuters, as well as SAV commuters. Associated factors, such as the number of parking slots, the number of unreserved slots, and the additional SAV cost, are analyzed. The impacts of these factors on various metrics, including modal split, SAV market share, traffic congestion, individual travel cost, and system performance, are investigated. Analytical analysis reveals that managing the numbers of parking slots and unreserved parking slots can reduce individual travel cost and alleviate traffic congestion. Additionally, the study suggests an optimal reservation scheme for the number of parking slots and the ratio of unreserved slots, along with the additional SAV cost, to minimize total travel cost and maximize system efficiency. These findings could shape future urban mobility parking policies, accommodating mixed traffic of regular and autonomous vehicles.

Suggested Citation

  • Tang, Zhe-Yi & Tian, Li-Jun & Liu, Peng & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2025. "Parking reservation scheme in a commuting system with shared autonomous vehicles and parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transb:v:192:y:2025:i:c:s0191261524002406
    DOI: 10.1016/j.trb.2024.103116
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191261524002406
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.trb.2024.103116?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liu, Wei & Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2016. "Modeling the morning commute for urban networks with cruising-for-parking: An MFD approach," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 470-494.
    2. Lamotte, Raphaël & de Palma, André & Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2017. "On the use of reservation-based autonomous vehicles for demand management," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 205-227.
    3. Millard-Ball, Adam, 2019. "The autonomous vehicle parking problem," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 99-108.
    4. Greenblatt, Jeffery & Shaheen, Susan PhD, 2015. "Automated Vehicles, On-Demand Mobility and Environmental Impacts," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt23r1h80t, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    5. Li, Zhi-Chun & Huang, Hai-Jun & Yang, Hai, 2020. "Fifty years of the bottleneck model: A bibliometric review and future research directions," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 311-342.
    6. Liu, Peng & Xu, Shu-Xian & Ong, Ghim Ping & Tian, Qiong & Ma, Shoufeng, 2021. "Effect of autonomous vehicles on travel and urban characteristics," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 128-148.
    7. Zhang, Xiang & Liu, Wei & Waller, S. Travis & Yin, Yafeng, 2019. "Modelling and managing the integrated morning-evening commuting and parking patterns under the fully autonomous vehicle environment," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 380-407.
    8. Zhao, Yan & Guo, Xiaolei & Liu, Henry X., 2021. "The impact of autonomous vehicles on commute ridesharing with uncertain work end time," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 221-248.
    9. Robin Lindsey, C. & van den Berg, Vincent A.C. & Verhoef, Erik T., 2012. "Step tolling with bottleneck queuing congestion," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 46-59.
    10. Wang, Jian & Peeta, Srinivas & He, Xiaozheng, 2019. "Multiclass traffic assignment model for mixed traffic flow of human-driven vehicles and connected and autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 139-168.
    11. Arnott, Richard & Inci, Eren, 2006. "An integrated model of downtown parking and traffic congestion," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(3), pages 418-442, November.
    12. Arnott, Richard & de Palma, Andre & Lindsey, Robin, 1991. "A temporal and spatial equilibrium analysis of commuter parking," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 301-335, August.
    13. Mogens Fosgerau, 2019. "Automation and the Value of Time in Passenger Transport," International Transport Forum Discussion Papers 2019/10, OECD Publishing.
    14. Shen, Yu & Zhang, Hongmou & Zhao, Jinhua, 2018. "Integrating shared autonomous vehicle in public transportation system: A supply-side simulation of the first-mile service in Singapore," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 125-136.
    15. Tian, Li-Jun & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2019. "The morning commute problem with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration and parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 258-278.
    16. Small, Kenneth A., 2015. "The bottleneck model: An assessment and interpretation," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 110-117.
    17. Li, Zhi-Chun & Lam, William H.K. & Wong, S.C., 2014. "Bottleneck model revisited: An activity-based perspective," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 262-287.
    18. Ghiasi, Amir & Hussain, Omar & Qian, Zhen (Sean) & Li, Xiaopeng, 2017. "A mixed traffic capacity analysis and lane management model for connected automated vehicles: A Markov chain method," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 266-292.
    19. Vincent A.C. van den Berg & Erik T. Verhoef, 2015. "Robot Cars and Dynamic Bottleneck Congestion: The Effects on Capacity, Value of Time and Preference Heterogeneity," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 15-062/VIII, Tinbergen Institute, revised 11 Jul 2016.
    20. Inci, Eren & Lindsey, Robin, 2015. "Garage and curbside parking competition with search congestion," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 49-59.
    21. Arnott, Richard & de Palma, Andre & Lindsey, Robin, 1990. "Economics of a bottleneck," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 111-130, January.
    22. Li, Ruijie & Liu, Xiaobo & Nie, Yu (Marco), 2018. "Managing partially automated network traffic flow: Efficiency vs. stability," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 300-324.
    23. Ma, Rui & Zhang, H.M., 2017. "The morning commute problem with ridesharing and dynamic parking charges," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 345-374.
    24. Zhang, Xiaoning & Huang, Hai-Jun & Zhang, H.M., 2008. "Integrated daily commuting patterns and optimal road tolls and parking fees in a linear city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 38-56, January.
    25. Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Reimann, Felix, 2023. "The economics of speed choice and control in the presence of driverless vehicle cruising and parking-as-a-substitute-for-cruising," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    26. van den Berg, Vincent & Verhoef, Erik T., 2011. "Congestion tolling in the bottleneck model with heterogeneous values of time," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 60-78, January.
    27. van den Berg, Vincent A.C. & Verhoef, Erik T., 2016. "Autonomous cars and dynamic bottleneck congestion: The effects on capacity, value of time and preference heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 43-60.
    28. Fagnant, Daniel J. & Kockelman, Kara, 2015. "Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 167-181.
    29. Kenneth Small, 2015. "The Bottleneck Model: An Assessment and Interpretation," Working Papers 141506, University of California-Irvine, Department of Economics.
    30. Yang, Hai & Liu, Wei & Wang, Xiaolei & Zhang, Xiaoning, 2013. "On the morning commute problem with bottleneck congestion and parking space constraints," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 106-118.
    31. Xiao, Ling-Ling & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2016. "On the morning commute problem with carpooling behavior under parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 383-407.
    32. Chen, Zhibin & He, Fang & Yin, Yafeng & Du, Yuchuan, 2017. "Optimal design of autonomous vehicle zones in transportation networks," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 44-61.
    33. Zhang, Xiaoning & Yang, Hai & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2011. "Improving travel efficiency by parking permits distribution and trading," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 45(7), pages 1018-1034, August.
    34. Tang, Zhe-Yi & Tian, Li-Jun & Wang, David Z.W., 2021. "Multi-modal morning commute with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration considering parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    35. Nourinejad, Mehdi & Bahrami, Sina & Roorda, Matthew J., 2018. "Designing parking facilities for autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 110-127.
    36. Small, Kenneth A, 1982. "The Scheduling of Consumer Activities: Work Trips," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 72(3), pages 467-479, June.
    37. Liang, Xiao & Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida & van Arem, Bart, 2016. "Optimizing the service area and trip selection of an electric automated taxi system used for the last mile of train trips," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 115-129.
    38. Xiaojuan Yu & Vincent A.C. van den Berg & Erik T. Verhoef, 2022. "Autonomous cars and activity-based bottleneck model: How do in-vehicle activities determine aggregate travel patterns?," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 22-004/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
    39. Li, Pengbo & Tian, Lijun & Xiao, Feng & Zhu, Hongwei, 2022. "Can day-to-day dynamic model be solved analytically? New insights on portraying equilibrium and accommodating autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 374-395.
    40. He, Fang & Yin, Yafeng & Chen, Zhibin & Zhou, Jing, 2015. "Pricing of parking games with atomic players," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1-12.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tian, Li-Jun & Tang, Zhe-Yi & Liu, Peng & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2024. "Parking policy design for managing morning commute with dedicated autonomous vehicle lane," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    2. Li, Zhi-Chun & Huang, Hai-Jun & Yang, Hai, 2020. "Fifty years of the bottleneck model: A bibliometric review and future research directions," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 311-342.
    3. Tang, Zhe-Yi & Tian, Li-Jun & Wang, David Z.W., 2021. "Multi-modal morning commute with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration considering parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    4. Zhang, Xiang & Liu, Wei & Waller, S. Travis & Yin, Yafeng, 2019. "Modelling and managing the integrated morning-evening commuting and parking patterns under the fully autonomous vehicle environment," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 380-407.
    5. Lu, Xiao-Shan & Huang, Hai-Jun & Guo, Ren-Yong & Xiong, Fen, 2021. "Linear location-dependent parking fees and integrated daily commuting patterns with late arrival and early departure in a linear city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 293-322.
    6. Zhang, Xiang & Liu, Wei & Levin, Michael & Travis Waller, S., 2023. "Equilibrium analysis of morning commuting and parking under spatial capacity allocation in the autonomous vehicle environment," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    7. Tian, Li-Jun & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2019. "The morning commute problem with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration and parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 258-278.
    8. Yu, Xiaojuan & van den Berg, Vincent A.C. & Verhoef, Erik T. & Li, Zhi-Chun, 2022. "Will all autonomous cars cooperate? Brands’ strategic interactions under dynamic congestion," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    9. Lu, Xiao-Shan & Guo, Ren-Yong & Huang, Hai-Jun & Xu, Xiaoming & Chen, Jiajia, 2021. "Equilibrium analysis of parking for integrated daily commuting," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    10. Liu, Qiumin & Liu, Wei & Jiang, Rui & Han, Xiao, 2025. "On the morning commute problem with mixed autonomous and human-driven traffic under stochastic bottleneck capacity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    11. Wei Wu & Wei Liu & Fangni Zhang & Vinayak Dixit, 2021. "A New Flexible Parking Reservation Scheme for the Morning Commute under Limited Parking Supplies," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 513-545, September.
    12. Zhang, Yuan & Zhao, Hui & Jiang, Rui, 2024. "Manage morning commute for household travels with parking space constraints," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    13. Zhu, Tingting & Li, Yao & Long, Jiancheng, 2022. "Departure time choice equilibrium and tolling strategies for a bottleneck with continuous scheduling preference," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    14. Liu, Peng & Xu, Shu-Xian & Ong, Ghim Ping & Tian, Qiong & Ma, Shoufeng, 2021. "Effect of autonomous vehicles on travel and urban characteristics," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 128-148.
    15. Zipeng Zhang & Ning Zhang, 2021. "Early Bird Scheme for Parking Management: How Does Parking Play a Role in the Morning Commute Problem," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-19, July.
    16. Shaygan, Maryam & Ardecani, Fatemeh Banani & Nejad, Mark, 2025. "Optimizing mixed traffic environments with shared and private autonomous vehicles: An equilibrium analysis of entrance permit and tradable credit strategies," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    17. Xiaojuan Yu & Vincent A.C. van den Berg, 2024. "Human-driven vehicles’ cruising versus autonomous vehicles’ back- and-forth congestion: The effects on traveling, parking and congestion," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 24-032/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
    18. Pudāne, Baiba, 2019. "Departure Time Choice and Bottleneck Congestion with Automated Vehicles: Role of On-board Activities," MPRA Paper 96328, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Ling-Ling Xiao & Tian-Liang Liu & Hai-Jun Huang, 2021. "Tradable permit schemes for managing morning commute with carpool under parking space constraint," Transportation, Springer, vol. 48(4), pages 1563-1586, August.
    20. Yu, Xiaojuan & van den Berg, Vincent A.C. & Verhoef, Erik T., 2025. "Preference heterogeneity in a dynamic flow congestion model," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:transb:v:192:y:2025:i:c:s0191261524002406. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/548/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.